tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-67801039248903504422024-02-07T13:11:34.039-08:00Animal PharmThe lessons science and pharmacology teach us about
achieving optimal health, vitality and maximal lifespan with a low net carb, high saturated fat, evolutionarily paleolithic-styled diet aligned with my ancestral heritage and how I lost 50 pounds of body fat. A sorta fairy story.Dr. B Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15451872961651116061noreply@blogger.comBlogger279125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6780103924890350442.post-401384775734072612016-11-20T11:11:00.000-08:002016-11-20T11:14:49.751-08:00Clinicians and Coaches: ROCK YOUR MICROBIOME & NUTRIGENOMIC MEDICINE w/ The Results & Outcome Academy Conference in 3 weeksCheck out the updated site: <a href="http://thegutinstitute.com/">TheGutInstitute.Com</a> has launched!<br />
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INVITATION TO COACHES AND PRACTITIONERS</div>
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<span style="color: green; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="http://tinyurl.com/WGutGoddess" style="color: green; text-decoration: underline;">Registration and More Details</a></strong></span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: navy;"><strong>ROCK YOUR MICROBIOME and NUTRIGENOMIC MEDICINE </strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: navy;"><strong>w/ The Results & Outcome Academy Conference </strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: navy;"><strong>In 3 weeks!</strong></span></div>
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<strong>How to Grow Your Practice by Incorporating Microbiome & Nutrigenomic Medicine</strong><br />
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<strong>Cost</strong>: <em><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>VIRTUALLY FREE</strong></span></em> AND WORTH $2497<br />
<strong>Date:</strong> Dec 10th and 11th, 2016<br />
<strong>Location:</strong> Double Tree Hotel, Berkeley Marina, California<br />
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What Clinicians and Coaches Will Get!<br />
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<li>You will walk away with swag worth over $1000 – so the conference is virtually FREE</li>
<li>Knowledge on how to build your business</li>
<li>Cutting-edge, personalized gut and nutrigenomic protocols for your clients</li>
<li>A deep connection with new lifelong friends and future collaboration partners</li>
<li>Part of a growing emerging international community who are at the forefront of functional medicine for methylation and microbiome medicine</li>
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This an event like no other. We are bringing together leading practitioners, functional medicine providers, and health coaches to create a collaborative community.<br />
This will be transformational experience - if you plan to come and just sit in the seat and take notes – then this is not for you… You will not leave the same as you came<br />
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This is Dr. Anh, and on behalf of Drs. Grace and Erika, I want to say “THANK YOU!” so much for your interest in our upcoming event, Microbiome and Nutrigenomic Medicine w/ Business Acumen live training!<br />
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<a href="https://thegutinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sponsors-4-em-dfh-s-aob.png"><img alt="sponsors-4-em-dfh-s-aob" class="aligncenter wp-image-2478" height="117" src="https://thegutinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sponsors-4-em-dfh-s-aob-300x77.png" width="456" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "pt sans caption"; font-size: 14px;">NEW SITE </span><a href="http://thegutinstitute.com/" style="background-color: white; color: #cc6600; font-family: "PT Sans Caption"; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;">TheGutInstitute.Com</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "pt sans caption"; font-size: 14px;"> for the latest in microbiome, gut flora, science, podcasts and more!</span>Dr. B Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15451872961651116061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6780103924890350442.post-58439129290533583422015-04-25T07:16:00.001-07:002016-11-20T11:05:52.306-08:00Updates: New Website Launch THE GUT INSTITUTE.COM and Slides From PaleoFX Preso<a href="http://thegutinstitute.com/">TheGutInstitute.Com</a> has launched!<br />
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Check out the <a href="http://thegutinstitute.myshopify.com/collections/frontpage">iApothecary store</a> for the <a href="http://thegutinstitute.myshopify.com/search?q=maximus">ULTRA BIFIDO|MAXIMUS probiotic</a> and many other gut microbiome and nutrigenomic tools to rapidly optimize your health! May you wealth and health be as marvelous as your microbes!<br />
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Read about <a href="http://thegutinstitute.myshopify.com/collections/frontpage">#BIONICFIBER</a> and the special recipes you can make to make your gut microbiome bionic and bulletproof now<br />
---> <a href="http://thegutinstitute.myshopify.com/collections/frontpage">Bionic Fiber Recipes</a> for prebiotic power in your day for both you and your gut flora<br />
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Please migrate over there for all the latest news on the gut microbiome, studies, diagnostics, and gut protocol strategies for health optimization.<br />
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We had an awesome turnout that was beyond capacity for the premiere ticket holders at PaleoFX this year: 'Shifting Your Gut Microbiota and Your 100 Trillion Friends for Leanness and Fat Loss'. Thank you for everyone that attended! The slides may be downloaded at TheGutInstitute.com (enter email). I am considering with Matt Pepin, my Gut Guardians co-host, to send out a monthly Gut RxTracts with a compilation of the latest gut news, research abstracts, book reviews, and all things poop and gut related. How does that sound? I'd love to know which topics you find most interesting.<br />
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<b><u>A couple of things I mentioned at PaleoFx:</u></b><br />
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10% of uBiome analysis, thanks Eli and Paul~!<br />
http://ubiome.refr.cc/X4D28CW (Eli's referral code)<br />
http://ubiome.refr.cc/RW5Z7DX (Paul's referral code)<br />
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Sources of chitin/chitosan for gut health and fat loss prebiotic effects<br />
Fiber in cricket flour is 7% and contains chitin/chitosan<br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=chitosan,%20obesity">Pubmed studies on fat loss and chitin/chitosan</a><br />
https://www.facebook.com/NextMillenniumFarms<br />
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Sources of yacon in sugar free virgin chocolate in Raaka handcrafted bars (YUMMMM!) and 4 grams of yacon-FOS per half bar, thanks Bill~!<br />
10% off 'YACON10' code<br />
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Prescript Assist, the only probiotic containing 2 strains of Bacteroides that is missing in nearly every study in overweight and obesity microbial signatures, one of the root problems in the obesity epidemic. This probiotic and other soil probiotics helped my family and I overcome gluten, dairy and other food intolerances so we could consume again on rare occasions without severe gut, brain or digestive issues.<br />
The company just the other day announced their evolution to ENVIRO MEDICA (no longer Magnetic Clay)! I love it! Congratulations!!<br />
http://www.magneticclay.com/store/prescript-assist-probiotic.aspx<br />
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AO Biome, soil probiotic topical spray: Nitrosomonas, live Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB). It produces more NO, nitric oxide, a vital signalling molecule important for not just athletic workouts and sex ahah.<br />
"This living product is a first, not only for our company, but for the industry as a whole. We created it to counteract the damage that modern lifestyles and products have on the biome, which often lead to irritation, sensitivity, and more. Our patented beneficial bacteria is similar to a probiotic, and it works to enrich your skin’s natural environment, gently restoring harmony to the skin. Specifically, it actively converts the byproducts of our skin (such as sweat) into beneficial ingredients, leading to skin that looks and feels great. "<br />
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Mark Sisson's new soil based upgraded ultra high potency 10B CFU per cap -- used by Eli Markstrom, Spartan warrior in uBiome self experiment.<br />
http://www.primalblueprint.com/primal-flora/<br />
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Check out the updated site: <a href="http://thegutinstitute.com/">TheGutInstitute.Com</a> has launched<br />
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The HENRY Bar~!! My kids designed an energy bar that they will actually eat that's not full of non-Paleo junk. Thank you to my master tasters who gave it unanimous thumbs up -- my sisters, best galpals, Matt Pepin, Dr Emily Dean, Robb Wolf and CSA MMA gym (Kieran). Nearly all organic and non-GMO, the Henry is full of goodness like our puppy which it's named after. Check out TheGutInstitue.com later for more updates or contact me directly to get a box (I have some complimentary ones to send out!)<br />
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Abundant in wonderful ingredients (some are not part of 7 steps -- dairy and nuts):<br />
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<li>17 grams isomalto-oligosaccharides (for fat loss, leanness and losing gut-leakiness) which is also found in fermented foods like natto, sake and fermented soybean sauce (bibimbab, jajiang noodles)</li>
<li>16 grams pastured, grassfed whey protein</li>
<li>10 grams carbs from 85% organic chocolate, cashew butter, almond butter, dates and quinoa crispies</li>
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NEW SITE <a href="http://thegutinstitute.com/">TheGutInstitute.Com</a> for the latest in microbiome, gut flora, science, podcasts and more!<br />
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<br />Dr. B Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15451872961651116061noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6780103924890350442.post-23077470315186337802015-03-31T08:43:00.001-07:002015-03-31T08:45:47.542-07:00Heal Yourself Radio EP 002 - FROM DRUGS TO BUGSHeal Yourself Radio with chiropracter and hawt Crossfit athlete, Dr Jonathan Chung DC<br />
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<a href="http://snip.ly/yf7F#http://www.healyourselfradio.com/post/114493814474/ep-002-from-drugs-to-bugs">EP 002 - FROM DR<span id="goog_250510137"></span><span id="goog_250510138"></span>UGS TO BUGS</a></h3>
<i>On this week’s episode of Heal Yourself Radio we’re talking to Dr. Grace Liu, a functional medicine expert with a doctorate in pharmacy. Her area of expertise involves the clinical applications of one of the hottest topics in science and medicine, the gut micro biome. This interview is full of great information about the importance of your gut bacteria, what foods to use to support it, and what to do if you’ve been on antibiotics. We also had a lot of fun talking about poop, whose poop Dr. Grace wants inside of her, and what might make my feces so interesting. It was a really fun interview, and I think you are all in for a little treat.</i><br />
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Save 10% on any uBiome kit or product with Dr.Chung's referral code<br />
http://ubiome.refr.cc/638H9RC #microbiomeDr. B Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15451872961651116061noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6780103924890350442.post-91364557480983166412015-03-30T08:30:00.001-07:002015-03-30T08:30:30.465-07:00Gut Guardians Postcast: Episode 16 – (Part 2) Thyroid Help with Robin Treasure<a href="http://restoretheflora.com/gut-guardians-postcast-episode-16-thyroid-help-w-robin-treasure/"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Gut Guardians Postcast: Episode 16 – (Part 2) Thyroid Help with Robin Treasure</span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Part 1 </span><a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2015/03/gut-guardians-podcast-episode-15-gut.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Episode 15 – Gut Healing w Robin Treasure</span></a></span></div>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-04946498-6b4d-7c16-6728-634dd8d57740" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></b>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Robin Treasure in Part 2 offers her insights on how our guts might play a role in our thyroid health. She advises on the proper testings to diagnose a potential leaky gut causing poor adrenals. Yet another reason to keep your gut sealed up nice and tight.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Be sure to check out Robin Treasures new program ‘Restore!’ to help build and nurture a healthier lifestyle.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Don’t forget to leave any comments or suggestions! </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Enjoy!</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Show Notes:</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://restoretheflora.com/gut-guardians-podcast-episode-15-gut-healing-w-robin-treasure/Robintreasure.com" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">RobinTreasure.com</span></span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.robintreasure.com/online-programs/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Robin’s ‘Restore’ Program</span></span></a></div>
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<a href="http://wellnessmama.com/5888/how-to-make-bone-broth/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Matt’s source for making his bone broth</span></span></a></div>
<span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://www.klaire.com/probiotics_cat.htm" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Klaire Probiotics</span></a></span><br />
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Dr. B Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15451872961651116061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6780103924890350442.post-87056340406619865022015-03-27T08:39:00.003-07:002015-03-27T08:39:48.476-07:00Gut Guardians Podcast: Episode 17- Gut-Brain Axis w Dr. Richard Matthews<a href="http://restoretheflora.com/gut-guardians-podcast-episode-17-gut-brain-axis-w-dr-richard-matthews/"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Gut Guardians Podcast: Episode 17- Gut-Brain Axis w Dr. Richard Matthews</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Functional Neurologist and author of The Symbiont Factor, Dr. Richard Matthews, joins in on the microbial fun. In this episode Dr. Matthews talks about the gut brain axis and multiple conditions that stem from the gut. Did we mention zombies? Matt and Grace had fun exchanging ideas on gut health and mental health.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(Note: I had technical challenges, very sorry for the poor quality on my end. You’re not missing anything -- please enjoy Dr. Matthews and Matt).</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Thoughts on the Gut-Brain and parasitic gut zombies?</span></span></div>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-04946498-5be2-ccc7-4672-b25197d82ff5" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></b>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Show Notes:</span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.32; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 15pt;">
<a href="http://thesymbiontfactorblog.com/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Dr. Richard Matthew’s Blog</span></span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.32; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 15pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Amazon: Book '<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Symbiont-Factor-Microbiome-Redefines-Humanity/dp/1500553948/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1427336363&sr=8-1&keywords=symbiont+factor" style="text-decoration: none;">The Symbiont Factor</a>'</span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.32; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 15pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Twitter: </span><a href="https://twitter.com/symbionthealth" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">@symbionthealth</span></a></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.32; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 15pt;">
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/thesymbiontfactor/timeline" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Facebook: The Symbiont Factor</span></span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.32; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 15pt;">
<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022395615000655" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Collective unconscious: How gut microbes shape human behavior</span></span></a></div>
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<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></b>
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; color: #555555; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><i>Excerpts from The Symbiont Factor</i></span></span></h5>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; color: #555555; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div>
<h5 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.32; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 8pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; color: #555555; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><u>“The Bacterial Ethernet</u>”</span></span></h5>
<h5 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.32; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 8pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; color: #555555; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">“Bacteria living within a colony are able to form interconnections between cells in a network, using very small microtubules that have been termed nanotubes (Dubey, Yehuda). These nanotubes allow bacteria to share information, which can take several forms. In one example, demonstrated by Ben-Jacob, bacterial colonies will self-organize into elaborate shapes to optimize their survival and will form complex networks of nanotubes where they share plasmids (small pieces of DNA) as well as other molecules from their cell.”</span></span></h5>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; color: #555555; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<h5 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.32; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 8pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; color: #555555; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">“Providing a sustainable environment in the gut where good bacteria can flourish takes more work and lifestyle change than that and is one of the subjects of the rest of this book. Expecting the growth of beneficial bacteria without eating fruits, vegetables and fiber-containing grains is like scattering tomato seeds in a parking lot. Even though a few seeds might find some earth and germinate, you probably won’t get tomatoes unless you provide dirt, fertilizer, compost and water! Likewise, trying to get the good symbiont bacteria to grow without making improvements in your stress, diet and lifestyle is like trying to grow those seeds in the dark or on a parking lot.”</span></span></h5>
<br />Dr. B Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15451872961651116061noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6780103924890350442.post-86207970943819802712015-03-20T08:19:00.000-07:002015-03-20T08:19:04.394-07:00New Podcast With Nourish Balance Thrive, Christopher Kelley: Have you checked your gut for the keystone species? <span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Have you checked your gut for the keystone species? </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; white-space: pre-wrap;">New podcast with elite pro mountain biker, Christopher Kelley of Nourish Balance Thrive and me (aka </span><a class="twitter-atreply pretty-link" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/Gut_Goddess" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #006bb3; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; text-decoration: none; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #66a6d1;">@</span>Gut_Goddess</a>)<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><a class="twitter-timeline-link" data-expanded-url="http://buff.ly/1AM7EOj" dir="ltr" href="http://t.co/ZSvpGYKU7H" rel="nofollow" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #006bb3; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; text-decoration: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank" title="http://buff.ly/1AM7EOj"><span class="tco-ellipsis"></span><span class="invisible" style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;">http://</span><span class="js-display-url">buff.ly/1AM7EOj</span><span class="invisible" style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;"></span><span class="tco-ellipsis"><span class="invisible" style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;"> </span></span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><a class="twitter-hashtag pretty-link js-nav" data-query-source="hashtag_click" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/guthound?src=hash" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #006bb3; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; text-decoration: none; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #66a6d1;">#</span>guthound</a>Dr. B Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15451872961651116061noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6780103924890350442.post-75263781000082998372015-03-10T07:35:00.002-07:002015-03-30T08:04:33.991-07:00uBiome Analysis: Microbiome Hacking to Improve Gluten Intolerance and Acne<u><b>uBiome Blog</b></u><br />
<br />
Our co-blog and Elijah's post on his recent gut uBiome results, <a href="http://www.ubiomeblog.com/microbiome-hacking-improve-gluten-intolerance-acne/">here</a>, at uBiome's blog today.<br />
<br />
His extended version at his blog: <a href="http://elijahmarkstrom.com/microbiomeinitialdata/">Microbiome Initial Data -- I Need a Recount</a><br />
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">"Observationally, I have noticed several changes so far. First and best, is that my sleep has been incredible. I fall asleep easily, sleep through the night and wake up with a pep in my step. Second, my appetite is lower. I feel full all the time. My energy levels are good. There is marginal fluctuation throughout the day. Third, my poop is more regular both in consistency and frequency."</span><br />
<br />
His earlier post at uBiome: <a href="http://www.ubiomeblog.com/poop-well/">How to Poop Well</a>.<br />
<br />
Eli's uBiome 10% off referral code<br />
http://ubiome.refr.cc/X4D28CW<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[Side B: extended version, lol]<br />
<br />
<b><u>Microbiota Hacking</u></b><br />
<br />
Thank you Elijah for the generous introduction! I appreciate your enthusiasm and reaching out to me to collaborate on maximizing gut health and your 100 trillion friends. <br />
<br />
Looking at uBiome stool analyses helps me to map out the bacterial terrain and landscape in the intestines. It is a ground breaking tool that I’m so grateful for. I look for landmarks and clues that tie in with published pyrosequencing studies.<br />
<br />
Elijah is an elite athlete with superior performance and 8-9% body fat. I almost doubted that we could further improve any biometrics (sleep, skin, mood, performance), but, naturally, when we look at the modern dysbiotic gut, everything can be improved. Modern guts are particularly vulnerable because they are being assaulted from all sides everyday. Therefore several simple and easy improvements can dramatically reset overall health by emphasizing our gut. <br />
<br />
Our gut is the initial site of nearly all disease (besides pure poisons). Our hunger, hormones, happiness chemicals and energy regulators all are controlled or composed by this master regulator organ that gut researchers call the ‘second brain’. Scientists report 80% of immunity is housed in the intestines. In my estimates, the gut doesn’t control all health, 24/7 all the time, but when it is disrupted, then ALL health may be disrupted. Whether you are an elite athlete like Elijah or a high-level executive or a super tiger-mom, a healthy gut lays the foundation for overflowing health, youthful energy, leanness and longevity. <br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikCWdlJzvyYMLMdcawwRu0nApuj8T4kHLhpxkF7hQ0B6iiIeh_7aw6thPWaornNlHfAZ6phxat8Lw_G3VmmfcyWv1QpizwU9RMsgAzR4em_54WbNOydDwaRsd1qO58ApKRj8XsPeSwVJLX/s1600/ancestral+lean.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikCWdlJzvyYMLMdcawwRu0nApuj8T4kHLhpxkF7hQ0B6iiIeh_7aw6thPWaornNlHfAZ6phxat8Lw_G3VmmfcyWv1QpizwU9RMsgAzR4em_54WbNOydDwaRsd1qO58ApKRj8XsPeSwVJLX/s1600/ancestral+lean.png" height="320" width="149" /></a>Our modern lifestyles lend characteristic changes in the microbiome – depletions of vital good flora and overgrowths of opportunistic pathogens. I call the good microflora ‘gut guardians’ because these protect our gut from birth until death. Their absence signals death, whether it’s a slow, gradual, perpetual and mildly painful death or a more chronic course riddled by the common American standbys: cancer, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity, joint degeneration, or diabetes-obesity. <br />
<br />
Elijah’s gut profile exhibits the losses which everyone frequently experiences as a result of processed, refined carbohydrates, high sugar diets and use of antibiotics which were given for chronic ear infections as a child. His birth was C-section and studies show a lack of transfer of mom’s good microflora such as Bifidobacteria longum to baby without a vaginal birth.<br />
<br />
Landmarks that stand out on Elijah's gut microbiota uBiome analysis:<br />
<ul>
<li><b>low biodiversity (low phyla and species counts)</b></li>
<li><b>depleted gut guardians which secure longevity and leanness by maintaining metabolism and a tight intestinal barrier</b></li>
</ul>
o Bifidobacteria (part of Actinobacteria: 3-fold below normal) <br />
o Bifidobacteria longum (180-fold below optimal;<br />
but at least its there! yay!)<br />
o Bacteroides (3-fold below normal)<br />
o Christensenella<br />
o Akkermansia<br />
<ul>
<li><b>increased potential opportunistic bacterial overgrowths</b></li>
</ul>
o Corynebacteria pathogens (possibly skin related)<br />
o Proteobacteria pathogens (6-fold more than average) including<br />
Cronobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, E coli, Bilophila<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV0c6RkXX-oEejVY5k6Ok3PxEa5yD7BcgBhKnL6mpB05tgfh0HkzcvphYklVh7LXSh7Qxd48GNdGHw0AA49rPbzNcwIV1KNy5QjLyErTqf2W1LMnDrvPDrLeWb1dE3S34NI9myQWiu9rIe/s1600/XIVa.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV0c6RkXX-oEejVY5k6Ok3PxEa5yD7BcgBhKnL6mpB05tgfh0HkzcvphYklVh7LXSh7Qxd48GNdGHw0AA49rPbzNcwIV1KNy5QjLyErTqf2W1LMnDrvPDrLeWb1dE3S34NI9myQWiu9rIe/s1600/XIVa.png" height="320" width="185" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. </i></b>In the side diagram, you can see how Elijah’s gut scored: doing well for producing butyrate, a fuel of the colonocytes, the cells that line the colon. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is exuberantly represented. Most healthy humans have 3-10% or more and Elijah’s gut is no exception. His gut also houses plenty of Lachnospiraceae (34.64412%) and Pseudobutyrivibrio (8.86619%) This consortia of robust butyrate-producers may partly explain Elijah’s resistance to gaining fat and other dysbiosis-related disorders. Author of the Epidemic of Absence, Moises Velasqueze-Manoff, recently wrote an essay reviewing the vital anti-inflammatory role F. prausnitzii plays in protecting human health, ‘<a href="http://scientificamerican.com/article/among-trillions-of-microbes-in-the-gut-a-few-are-special/">Among Trillions of Microbes in the Gut, a Few Are Special</a>’.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><u><br />
</u></b> <b><u><br />
</u></b> <b><u>Reviewing Elijah’s uBiome Results: ABSENT ALLIES</u></b><br />
<br />
<b><i>Bifidobacteria longum (part of Actinobacteria). </i></b>The loss of Bifidobacteria longum by antibiotic drugs and poor dietary choices (sugar, unfermented gluten) contributes to increased gut permeability and subsequent spilling of microbial toxins and cell wall parts through the ‘porous’ barrier into circulation. The consequences are low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, mood changes, and disease (food allergies, bloating, digestive disorders, acne, etc). Fortunately, prebiotic fiber and probiotics can selectively boost and grow these tender populations. Health and well-being track well with improvements in bacterial parameters in my clinical experiences.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_vCdNkKLHJJsRKHFUUngOW2WVWrqg9DrQUBgZ0k0IggcODXscHR8g7XZ7r-UEf794jXKNoMXbmmePJhwVk8PufNu852HJIitw5VjDWd24ykqmvx458su9SpnzPV_Y0gm07bi_QQa7rIDT/s1600/fat-microbiota+cani.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_vCdNkKLHJJsRKHFUUngOW2WVWrqg9DrQUBgZ0k0IggcODXscHR8g7XZ7r-UEf794jXKNoMXbmmePJhwVk8PufNu852HJIitw5VjDWd24ykqmvx458su9SpnzPV_Y0gm07bi_QQa7rIDT/s1600/fat-microbiota+cani.png" height="204" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'PT Sans Caption'; font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">How To Boost<br />
<i>Bifidobacteria longum, Roseburia,<br />
Akkermansia muciniphila,<br />
and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i>For Gut Barrier Restoration and Pathogen Resistance</b><br />
<a href="http://www.uclouvain.be/cps/ucl/doc/ir-ldri/images/geurts2013.pdf" style="background-color: white; color: #cc6600; font-family: 'PT Sans Caption'; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-decoration: none;">Geurts et al 2013</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<b><i>Proteobacteria and other pathogens. </i></b>A few potential opportunistic pathogens were identified. With gut guardians and allies, these easily overgrow at the first opportunity. Many of these may be gently weeded out and replaced by the populations missing, which will be stimulated by probiotics and special fiber. Normal skin microbiota residents are Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium (previously part of Corynebacteria), Propionibacterium, Streptococcus, and Pseudomonas. In acne, microbiota sequencing and culture studies show higher Corynebacteria, Staphylococcus epidermis, Propionibacterium acnes, and fungal Malassezia in skin lesions.<br />
<br />
Elijah’s gut apparently showed detectable levels of Corynebacterium amycolatum (0.00499%) which is sometimes associated with opportunistic hospital infections. The gut profile also shows possibly suboptimal concentrations of 4 Proteobacteria implicated in dysbiosis, colitis and food poisoning:<br />
<ul>
<li>Cronobacter sakazakii (12.51294%)</li>
<li>Bilophila wadsworthia (0.08107%)</li>
<li>Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Agona (0.00499%)</li>
<li>Shigella flexneri (0.00249%)</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><u><br />
</u></b> <b><u>Fecal Facts For The Skin-Gut</u></b><br />
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Our goal to improve the skin and work from the inside out, starting with shifting the gut microbiota, 100 trillion friends. This is also the progressive new thinking in dermatology:<br />
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“In the treatment of acne, one of the prevailing tenets has revolved around the eradication of a bacterium known as Propionibacterium acnes… Rather than non-specific chemical destruction of P. acnes, with its far reaching effects on the human microbiome, investigators are exploring the possibility of utilising non-pathogenic bacteria to improve the skin, with collateral benefits to the gastrointestinal tract and the psyche as well.”</div>
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--<a href="http://wageningenacademic.metapress.com/content/0u3x16807123w358/fulltext.pdf">W.P. Bowe et al</a></div>
</blockquote>
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<b><u><br />
</u></b> <b><u>Disease or Defense?</u></b><br />
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With the lack of protection in the gut, bacterial and parasitic overgrowths may partially degrade the single-cell layer barrier in the small intestines (upper gut) where we absorb the vast majority of digested food and nutrients. Havoc and competition further lower the bacterial sentinels which everyday seal and maintain the barrier layer against being leaky and open.<br />
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An environment harmful for health ensues. Food and intestinal yeasts and bacteria may breach and ‘leak’ into the blood and lymph circulation which alarm the immune system, producing large amounts of silent inflammation which adverse affects many organ systems: liver, fat, and muscles. Instead of efficiently burning fat, the body burns other things, sugar and muscles.<br />
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An endless cycle begins. For many, the joints and muscles are affected (discomfort, arthritis, swelling, sarcopenia). Invariable digestion and food intolerances are ‘ground zero’ type of symptoms (excess gas, loose bowels, constipation, stomach aches). Gluten, soy, corn and dairy may produce bloating and/or brain fog. For some the skin microbiome is affected (acne, psoriasis or eczema). Our central nervous systems never go untouched with modern gut dysbiosis; headaches, mood fluctuations, fear, hunger, and cravings are hallmarks of mangled microbiotas that I observe.<br />
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<b><u><br />
</u></b> <b><u><br />
</u></b> <b><u>Skin-Gut Microbiota Manipulation</u></b><br />
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The goals stated by Elijah are two-fold: <br />
(1) reverse intolerance to gluten which causes bloating and <br />
(2) improve mild acne on back <br />
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What we will do is enhance what the gut already has and repair-renovate what is broken. We discussed considering additions to the great smoothie blend that have been shown in humans to heal the gut and immunity rapidly (add 1-2 of the below). The below ‘feed and breed’ diversity in the gut microbiota including the specific species that are missing (Bifidobacteria longum, Akkermansia and Eubacteria).<br />
<i><br />
</i><b><u><i>Choose a personal diverse combinational blend of prebiotic fiber:</i></u></b><br />
Elijah did all the below except GOS.<br />
<br />
1/4 tsp glucomannan (in 2 cups water; maximum dose ½ tsp; avoid if any trouble swallowing or drinking water, will swell 20-fold in volume)<br />
1 tsp acacia<br />
1 tsp arabinogalactan<br />
1 tsp modified citrus pectin<br />
1 tsp GOS (Bimuno or Jarro Baby Dophilus 1 tsp = 2.4 g GOS)<br />
1 tsp inulin-FOS<br />
1 TBS psyllium<br />
1 TBS cocoa<br />
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To seed-weed the proverbial gardens in our gut and crowd out modern potential pathogens, I often guide people to consider rebuilding the gut with health-promoting probiotics and gently weeding with short-term, combination botanicals. For skin I have a couple of tricks which speed healing in the gut. These would empirically target pathogens whilst specifically restructuring what is often missing. They all lower the quiet ‘fires’ of inflammation.<br />
<br />
Consider for one month a skin-gut regimen:<br />
--Berberine 500mg twice daily (Thorne)<br />
--Neem 2 caps daily (Himalaya)<br />
--Grape seed extract Trader Joe's 50mg, 4 daily (or 2 twice daily)<br />
--Liver detoxifier (NOW foods) 2 daily<br />
<br />
Elijah decided to go with all the above for the skin regimen and for probiotics decided on <a href="http://www.iherb.com/Jarrow-Formulas-Bifidus-Balance-FOS-100-Veggie-Caps-Ice/375">Bifidus Balance +FOS (Jarrow)</a> and <a href="http://www.primalblueprint.com/supplements/primal-flora/">Primal Flora Ultra High Potency (Mark’s Daily Apple)</a>. The ability to breakdown casein (dairy) and gluten-gliadin (wheat) may come down to what is in our guts and what isn't. The above probiotics contain strains which can help in digesting and degrading these potentially allergenic food peptides that induce food allergies, similar to what Elijah experiences. Primal Flora UHP is a soil based organisms probiotic (SBO) containing 10 billion CFU. Our recent ancestors had daily exposures to dust and dirt which contain these species. SBOs are one of the best ways to 'seed' the gut with bacteria aligned to our ancient past and better ability digest a range of plant fiber including small quantities of dairy and gluten.<br />
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Stay tuned! <br />
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<b><u>References:</u></b><br />
<b><u><br />
</u></b> Christensen, Gitte Julie Møller, and Holger Brüggemann. "Bacterial skin commensals and their role as host guardians." Beneficial microbes 5.2 (2014): 201-215.<br />
Bowe, W, NB Patel, and AC Logan. "Acne vulgaris, probiotics and the gut-brain-skin axis: from anecdote to translational medicine." Beneficial microbes 5.2 (2014): 185-199.<br />
Grice, Elizabeth A, and Julia A Segre. "The skin microbiome." Nature Reviews Microbiology 9.4 (2011): 244-253.<br />
Kong, Heidi H, and Julia A Segre. "Skin microbiome: looking back to move forward." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 132 (2012): 933-939.<br />
Tap, Julien et al. "Towards the human intestinal microbiota phylogenetic core." Environmental microbiology 11.10 (2009): 2574-2584.<br />
Geurts, Lucie et al. "Gut microbiota controls adipose tissue expansion, gut barrier and glucose metabolism: novel insights into molecular targets and interventions using prebiotics." Beneficial microbes 5.1 (2014): 3-17.<br />
Al‐Ghazzewi, Farage H, and Richard F Tester. "Effect of konjac glucomannan hydrolysates and probiotics on the growth of the skin bacterium Propionibacterium acnes in vitro." International journal of cosmetic science 32.2 (2010): 139-142.<br />
Cani, Patrice D et al. "Changes in gut microbiota control inflammation in obese mice through a mechanism involving GLP-2-driven improvement of gut permeability." Gut 58.8 (2009): 1091-1103.<br />
Lee, In-Ah, Yang-Jin Hyun, and Dong-Hyun Kim. "Berberine ameliorates TNBS-induced colitis by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, enterobacterial growth and NF-κB activation." European journal of pharmacology 648.1 (2010): 162-170.<br />
Čerňáková, M, and D Košťálová. "Antimicrobial activity of berberine—a constituent of Mahonia aquifolium." Folia microbiologica 47.4 (2002): 375-378.<br />
Han, Junling, Huiling Lin, and Weiping Huang. "Modulating gut microbiota as an anti-diabetic mechanism of berberine." Medical Science and Technology 17.7 (2011): RA164-RA167.<br />
Zhang, Xu et al. "Structural changes of gut microbiota during berberine-mediated prevention of obesity and insulin resistance in high-fat diet-fed rats." PLoS One 7.8 (2012): e42529.<br />
Xu, Jia et al. "Structural modulation of gut microbiota during alleviation of type 2 diabetes with a Chinese herbal formula." The ISME journal (2014).<br />
Yin, Xiaochen et al. "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula." Systematic and applied microbiology 36.3 (2013): 188-196.<br />
Katiyar, Santosh K. "Proanthocyanidins from Grape Seeds Inhibit UV–Radiation‐Induced Immune Suppression in Mice: Detection and Analysis of Molecular and Cellular Targets." Photochemistry and photobiology (2014).<br />
Nichols, Joi A, and Santosh K Katiyar. "Skin photoprotection by natural polyphenols: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and DNA repair mechanisms." Archives of dermatological research 302.2 (2010): 71-83.<br />
Afaq, Farrukh, and Santosh K Katiyar. "Polyphenols: skin photoprotection and inhibition of photocarcinogenesis." Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry 11.14 (2011): 1200.<br />
Kar, P et al. "Flavonoid‐rich grapeseed extracts: a new approach in high cardiovascular risk patients?." International journal of clinical practice 60.11 (2006): 1484-1492.<br />
Vinson, Joe A, John Proch, and Pratima Bose. "MegaNatural® gold grapeseed extract: in vitro antioxidant and in vivo human supplementation studies." Journal of medicinal food 4.1 (2001): 17-26.<br />
Subapriya, R, and S Nagini. "Medicinal properties of neem leaves: a review." Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Cancer Agents 5.2 (2005): 149-156.<br />
Khan, M et al. "[Experimental study of the effect of raw materials of the neem tree and neem extracts on dermatophytes, yeasts and molds]." Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten 63.6 (1988): 499-502.<br />
Kumar, Venugopalan Santhosh, and Visweswaran Navaratnam. "Neem (Azadirachta indica): Prehistory to contemporary medicinal uses to humankind." Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine 3.7 (2013): 505-514.<br />
Lee, SH et al. "In vitro effects of plant and mushroom extracts on immunological function of chicken lymphocytes and macrophages." British poultry science 51.2 (2010): 213-221.Dr. B Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15451872961651116061noreply@blogger.com29tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6780103924890350442.post-61036654870270430972015-03-06T09:50:00.001-08:002015-03-09T12:32:32.791-07:00Peering into Four uBiome Stool Analyses (Part 1): Benefits of BIONIC FIBER; Emergence of Toxin-secreting Clostridium Botulinum and Loss of Over 1/3 of Gut Diversity and Species With 'Raw Bob's Red Mill Potato Starch'<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><u>Quantified Self Experimenter: R. Sprague</u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">Recently Richard Sprague shared his data with me and asked me to review his uBiome analysis of his stool microbiome. He's a bona fide data collecter and fan of QS (quantified self). The other day he shared his <a href="http://www.ubiomeblog.com/looking-mouth-microbiome/">oral microbiome results</a>. Lot of wonderful things going on there in his mouth! For his gut on potato starch, not so much. We will compare this gut results to two other uBiome samples from individuals taking a Bionic Fiber combination (psyllium, acacia, inulin-FOS, etc) and a diet based around the 7 Steps for an optimal gut microbiota.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">About Richard Sprague, 51 yr old QS-er, super healthy, lean (160 lbs, 6') and <b><i>SUPER BRAINY</i></b>:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">"At the time of the three samples, I did not take any supplements or other medication of any kind. I drink one cafe latte per day, plus about 5 servings of alcohol (usually beer) over the course of a week. </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">I am an omnivore, though I tend toward paleo-style eating (no processed food, plenty of fat+meat). I eat wheat- and other gluten-bearing food a couple times a week, along with dairy, and I don’t notice any difference at all whether I abstain or not."</span><br />
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Fiber intake (MyFitnessPal): 15-20 grams daily (below average; RDA for males 38 g/day, females 25 g/day if you subscribe to <a href="http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/fiber-how-much-do-you-need">that</a>)<br />
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</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">Three uBiome gut results:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Sample taken on 5/16/2014 'Pre-RUMPS' (raw unmodified potato starch)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Sample taken on 6/6/2014 (on travel, camping, varied diet)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Sample taken on 10/17/2014 'Post-RUMPS' </span>(raw unmodified potato starch 2-4 TBS)<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">Prior to the Oct 2014 uBiome he used 2-4 TBS 'raw potato starch' (RUMPS) sporadically for about 2 weeks to hack his sleep and stools. Both had some </span>quantifiable<span style="font-family: inherit;"> changes: sleep increased from 6.27 hrs/night to 6.52 hrs/night and stools increased from 1x/day to 2-3x/day. Quality of stools may have worsened; he reports Bristol 4 or 5 (mostly 5) prior to RUMPS and 5 after RUMPS. Below I review May and Oct results. Our gut biome changes hour by hour depending on diet and lifestyles. There are many 'drivers' but what we stick in our mouths is the biggest driver. I decided to only compare these May and Oct results as 'best' gut representatives.</span><br />
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</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><u>How Citizen Science Helps Us and Our Guts</u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">I love ubiome -- it is not diagnostic but it is a valuable tool that tells us the terrain of the lower gut and a little bit about the upper gut (small intestines). It gives us the profile for all the bacterial colonies in the colon. With tools that Richard developed on his github, one can integrate the raw taxonomy and play with them in Excel. (AmGut data FYI is not so simple). uBiome also has fantastic turnaround times -- only 2-3 wks for results to come back. I just submitted mine this week, and looking forward to pouring over it soon. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">Fecal samples have limitations. They may or may not represent what is going on at the mucosa level. Sometimes vast changes are going on at the intestinal mucosal level but they don't spill over into the lumen and resultant fecal matter to truly tell us the representive microbial colonies going on there. Still I like poop. What we poop is what we are, just as what we eat is what we are. Diet is the biggest driver for shaping the gut microbiota. By just modifying diet and dietary supplements, we can perpetuate a better gut as well as better health.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><br />
</span> <span style="color: #222222; font-family: inherit;">Another limitation is that looking at bacteria alone doesn't give us the big picture for life in our guts; non-bacterial colonies such as yeasts/candida, parasites, helminths, and protozoa are also significant contributors to gut health and dysbiosis and they're not not analyzed. These are better seen with a urine OAT (organic acid test) for clostridial and yeast metabolites or a specific Genova or Biohealth 401B parasite analysis. </span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span> <span style="color: #222222; font-family: inherit;">The science is still in its infancy. uBiome and other institutions have not identified all the species. Depending on someone's gut composition, the unique # of species known and identified is about half to 70%. Therefore 'species norm count' will not add up to 100% (though 'phylum norm count' and 'order norm count' are typically close ~96-97%).</span><br />
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</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><u>Sprague's Github Tools to Help You Analyze Your uBiome Stool Samples</u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">Sprague has created a couple of tools to help you manipulate and play with your big data from uBiome after you get your results back. I find it helpful and excellent to see the phyla, order and species on the Excel sheets. Patterns emerge, changes can be tracked and a nice story happens.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span> https://github.com/richardsprague/uBiome<br />
<br />
He has a 'Getting Started' short list of instructions and very easy to follow steps to take the 'raw taxonomy' from uBiome's dashboard and transform into different data files (JSON, EXCEL, TXT, etc). Read his 'Beginner's Guide' for great info!<br />
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</span> <br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><u>Citizen Science Reveals Dramatic Loss of Diversity and 36% Extinction of Known Species</u></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Let's talk about Sprague reported no change in sleep on some days and slightly better REM on some days. He reports "I have 92 nights of data where I tracked my sleep and whether or not I took potato starch. Of the nights when I took potato starch, my average sleep was slightly higher (6.5 hrs vs 6.3 hrs)." When he used lower doses paradoxically sleep might have been even longer but he had only a few data points (n=8) and couldn't conclusively say at this time.<br />
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Several potentially adverse changes occurred on the gut profile I noticed as we have seen on previous studies involving use of Bob's Red Mill potato starch (Folz family AmGut -- <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2015/01/lose-weight-body-fat-improve-blood.html">higher blood sugars on RUMPS</a>; <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/high-dose-potato-starch-can-make-you.html">an episode of fat gain/higher blood sugars/gout/NASH with long use 1.5 yrs on RUMPS</a>). </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">One of the most debilitating factors for a gut is to lose diversity. Antibiotics cause fat gain or lead to modern diseases because they lower gut diversity. The same species that keep us lean and immunoprotected are the same ones rapidly killed off by broad spectrum antibiotics. To make a dysbiotic gut model in rodents, scientists can give 5 round of antibiotics and a single round of Clindamycin to give you an idea how simple and easy it is. Microbiota 16S rRNA studies tell us that low diversity in the gut is the hallmark for a poorly functioning gut, one that is vulnerable to infection and inflammation (<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v500/n7464/full/nature12506.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20130829">Le Chatelier et al, Nature 2013</a>). </span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">36% Loss of Species<br />
40% Loss of Orders<br />
Depletions and Extinctions<br />
Associated with "Raw Potato Starch"</td></tr>
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In the first May sample, Sprague reports that 49% of the species were known and identified by uBiome, then as many as 65% were for the Oct sample. With dramatically less diversity and species, more species were known and identified, including some known toxin-secreting strains. For the orders, it was worse. The diversity destruction included 40% loss of known and identified orders from initially 45 orders down to only 27 orders. That is a lot of ecological devastation it appears. With high dose of a singly sourced 'fiber' or food, this is what occurs. The SAD (Standard American Diet) does the same thing, providing little in terms of nourishment and spectrum of fiber to the gut flora. Many species perish and so do the functions that they serve us with. Our gut flora are the silent organ that provides 10-15% of our energy, make dozens of vitamins and anti-cancer chemicals and keep us lean and healthy.<br />
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What extinctions did Sprague's gut appear to go through? Some good and some bad. The appearance of significant toxin-bearing strains (including Clostridium botulinum) might be notable as this is the 2nd case I've seen now associated with raw starch utilization.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqBCQJfGIpVzRf5_0MK10mLGdNxFUem4bG8qWFRMWTarIHPznvUtyymo5QaPKukUW9Xs5k2QzZHPb6sPOnMe2DwqSaCdEr3hiX_O2CTfQrsqafZOurM6QRPXDmp8SZGBoOBfvsDhdUvpBw/s1600/JULIEN+TAP+PHYLOGENETIC+CORE+MICROBIOTA.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqBCQJfGIpVzRf5_0MK10mLGdNxFUem4bG8qWFRMWTarIHPznvUtyymo5QaPKukUW9Xs5k2QzZHPb6sPOnMe2DwqSaCdEr3hiX_O2CTfQrsqafZOurM6QRPXDmp8SZGBoOBfvsDhdUvpBw/s1600/JULIEN+TAP+PHYLOGENETIC+CORE+MICROBIOTA.png" height="223" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19601958">Source</a> Tap et al EM 2009<br />
Principal coordinate analysis of OTUs from the faecal microbiota of 17 healthy human individuals. A principal coordinate analysis was performed using the full distance matrix. Each OTU was pictured as a disk whose area was proportional to the number of sequences and the heat colours accounted for the prevalence among the 17 individuals. Operational taxonomic units represented by a unique sequence (singleton) were not plotted.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #222222;"><br />
</span></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #222222;"><b><u>The Gut Landmarks on uBiome Stool Analysis That Signal Good Health </u></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #222222;"><br />
</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #222222;">The landmarks that I look for are based on research by Tap et al and gut researchers on 4 different continents who have characterized the gut species found in abundance in healthy controls. I call these the 'ancestral phylogenetic core microbiota' since these are also found in abundance in rural living and ancestrally living individuals such as the Amerindians, Burkina Faso, Hadza and Malawai inhabitants. The above is a PCA showing the most prevalent OTUs that are hallmarks of health I believe. When I look at the gut profile of a healthy person, these are the ones I always find. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #222222;"><br />
</span></span> <span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is very special. It is a gut barrier and immune system warrior and known as a keystone '<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v518/n7540_supp/full/518S3a.html">Peacekeeper</a>' (Nature 2015, fantastic photos).You can see above it is a red-orange and found in robustly in </span>concentration<span style="font-family: inherit;"> of hundreds in 94% of tested healthy subjects. In clinical trials, it is low where diseases are present and high in disease-free people. It is a harbinger for bad health if it and several other 'ancestral core' species are depleted. Moises Velasquez-Manoff recently wrote an essay outlining all the unique and protective aspects about F. prausnitzii and why all guts need it: SciAm "</span><a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/among-trillions-of-microbes-in-the-gut-a-few-are-special/" style="font-family: inherit;">Among Trillions of Microbes in the GUT, a Few Are Special</a><span style="font-family: inherit;">". Check out Gut Guardians in April, Moises will be a guest on our podcast with my co-host </span><a href="http://restoretheflora.com/" style="font-family: inherit;">Matt Pepin</a><span style="font-family: inherit;">!</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span></span> <span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">How does Sprague's QS experiment stack up? Unfortunately after amputating over 1/3 of his gut species, many of the phylogenetic core are depleted. The initial levels were awesome but after a high dose of single source of 'fiber', many on re-testing were gone and dramatically diminished numbers.</span></span><br />
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</span></span> <span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span></span> <span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
<b><u>The Problem with Depletions... Where's the<i> Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i>??</u></b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span></span> <span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Notable known species depletions associated with 40% reduction in orders (read more about each species <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2015/01/lose-weight-body-fat-improve-blood.html">HERE</a> and poss consequences of loss). This pattern is a hallmark for raw starches (which are not part of human native diets; only #gerbilfood). The same pattern I've reported earlier and why leaders in ourpaleo blogosphere considered avoiding it -- <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/paleo-mag-hot-tony-federico-has.html?m=1">here</a>.</span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #222222;">17-fold reduction Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (only on species found in Faecalibacteria); how to raise F praus <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/high-dose-potato-starch-can-make-you.html">here</a>; F praus doesn't eat starch at all, preferring to selectively dine on oligosaccharides, pectin and other varied non-starchy fermentable fibers</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #222222; font-family: inherit;">50% Roseburia, major human butyrate producer and keystone immunity protector</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #222222;">7-fold reduction Christensenella, potent fat burning species</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #222222;">4-fold reduction Akkermansia, keystone mucosa lining protector</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #222222;">14-fold below optimal Bifidobacteria longum, majority fecal bifidobacteria species and keystone immunoprotective species for babies and adults (optimal:<a href="http://aem.asm.org/content/75/6/1534.full"> 45% of total fecal bifido</a>)</span></li>
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<b><u>The Dysbiotic/Disease Gut Microbial Fingerprint</u></b><br />
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In several studies now, the gut microbial fingerprint has been characterized. Invariable they all look similar in many respects:<br />
--low diversity<br />
--depletions of known and identified 'good flora'<br />
--overgrowths of known and identified potential pathogens<br />
<br />
Sprague's gut like many on the potato starch has now taken on this profile. The loss of important immunoprotective species such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (17-fold depletion) is probably not a good sign. Further depletions of other known and characterized species associated with longevity and good health has also been decimated. The destruction of diversity perhaps has led to the emergence of a couple of pathogens that Sprague's gut didn't have earlier. His diet sounds varied but his reported fiber intake is somewhat low and suboptimal (15-20 g/day).<br />
<br />
For Sprague 4 clostridium species were shifted signficantly by the experiment, I noticed. Two potentially pathogenic strains shifted down in abundance and two worst strains grew robustly and appeared to take their places.<br />
<br />
<b>Clostridium asparagiforme</b> -- became extinct or undetectable.<br />
<br />
<b>Clostridium clostridioforme</b> -- lowered by 50% which I think is an improvement<br />
<br />
<b>Clostridium baratii 0.55877%</b>-- 5-fold increased, may secrete toxins similar to botulinum. Note: the concentration and abundance of this strain is higher than the phylogenetic core Bifidobacteria longum (0.18584%; 3-fold less, mmmmhhh...The pathogen is outnumbering a potent gut guardian)<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><b>Clostridium botulinum Ba4 str. 657 (0.00253%) </b>-- new appearance to detectable levels of the Toxin B secreting strain isolated from a botulism case. Let's say our stools represent 10-100 trillion bacteria in the GI tract, therefore 0.00253% may be a proxy for 0.25 to 2.5 billion Clostridium botulinum bacteria in the gut. I don't think that is a trivial amount, sadly, if the data is semi-reliable. Researchers report that toxins from Clostridium are </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; color: #222222;">several thousands-times more toxic</span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white;"> than other endotoxin releasing opportunistic pathogens in the human gut and considered one of our planet's most neurotoxic chemicals. Botulinum B toxin interferes with neural transmission of release of acetylcholine, key neurotransmitter in our calm and restorative nervous system (PSNS) and can lead to muscle paralysis (</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2856357/" style="background-color: white;">Nigam et al 2010</a><span style="background-color: white;">). Botox for use in wrinkles is A toxin and stronger than B toxin. In Asperger's/Autism Spectrum individuals, Clostridium and other gut pathogens (Enterobacter, Sutterella, Desulvovibrio) and low gut guardians (Eubacteria, Lachnospiracea [Coprococcus, Roseburia intestinalis, Roseburia faecis], Bifidobacteria) appear to form a unique microbial signature (</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24130822" style="background-color: white;">De Angelis et al 2013</a><span style="background-color: white;">; </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23990818" style="background-color: white;">Midtvedt 2012</a><span style="background-color: white;">). </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">RUMPS-raw potato starch appears to create this hallmark Aspie/autism signature.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">BIONIC FIBER (Column 3) ASSOCIATED <br />
WITH LOWER CLOSTRIDIUM</td></tr>
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<b><u>Emergence of Several New Pathogens With 'Raw Potato Starch' in Sprague's Sample</u></b><br />
<br />
Let's detail the the species that appeared to emerge in Sprague's QS n=1. Sprague reports no digestive issues or health problems. His HgbA1c pre- and post-test is still acceptable 5.0% and sleep/mood/energy/skin/digestion all remain good.<br />
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<span style="background-color: red;">Clostridium botulinum </span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;">Known and identified Toxin B secretion strain Clostridium botulinum Ba4 str. 657</span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white;">
<li>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/29077</li>
<li><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14.3998413085938px; text-align: justify;">This strain was isolated from an infant botulism case in 1976. The strain is a bivalent Ba strain, that simultaneously produces two different toxin types </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">C botulinum some strains also appear to be hefty starch and sugar eaters (Macfarlane et al 2000 AEM). Many of the clostridiums are. They are ancient primordial survivors. Some good for us but some not so.</span></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC92288/pdf/am004212.pdf" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/<wbr></wbr>pmc/articles/PMC92288/pdf/<wbr></wbr>am004212.pdf</a></li>
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<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><td style="margin: 0px; width: 170pt;" width="226"><span style="background-color: red; color: #222222; font-family: inherit;">Clostridium baratii</span></td></tr>
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<div style="color: #222222;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Another Clostridium is associated with inflammation and autoimmune dz like Kawasaki's. C baratii appears 5-fold higher compared to the initiation of the experiment.</span></div>
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<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_baratii" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: inherit;" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<wbr></wbr>Clostridium_baratii</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130751/"><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5;">Botulism Due to </span><em style="color: black; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5;">Clostridium baratii</em></a><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130751/"> Type F Toxin Case</a> </span></li>
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<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><td style="margin: 0px; width: 170pt;" width="226"><span style="background-color: red;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Clostridium clostridioforme</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">High Clostridium clostridioforme which is associated with diabetes, low gut diversity, inflammatory conditions and human invasive and severe infections like bacteremia. Often it produces alcohol and other toxins, which are associated with inflammation, artery hardening, and histamine responses. Alcohol from microbial fermentation results in blockages of multiple enzyme pathways in the host including the degradation of histamine. When more histamine accumulates, subsequently, the host has more allergic reactions, congestion, rash, headaches or other manifestations of high histamine. These are all secondary to a dysbiotic and imbalanced gut.</span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Read more: </span><a href="http://www.jillcarnahan.com/2013/11/16/histamine-intolerance-could-this-be-the-cause-of-your-problems/" style="font-family: inherit;">Histamine Intolerance</a></li>
<li><span style="color: #222222;">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15891914</span></li>
</ul>
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<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><u>Raw RS2 selectively appears to increase toxic, adhesive E coli and Clostridium in both small and large intestines</u></b></span><br />
<div>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #222222;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20952649" ref="ordinalpos=11&ncbi_uid=20952649&link_uid=20952649&linksrc=docsum_title" style="color: #642a8f; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14.4040012359619px; line-height: 15.9550228118896px;">Response of <b>nursery</b> pigs to a synbiotic preparation of starch and an anti-<b>Escherichia coli</b> K88 probiotic.</a></span></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11010862" ref="ordinalpos=6&ncbi_uid=11010862&link_uid=11010862&linksrc=docsum_title" style="color: #642a8f; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14.4040012359619px; line-height: 15.9550228118896px;"><b>Chemostat</b> enrichments of human feces with resistant <b>starch</b> are selective for adherent butyrate-producing clostridia at high dilution rates.</a></li>
</ul>
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<b><u>Person "A" and <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Amped-Bionic Fiber</span> is Associated with Lower Toxic Clostridium Levels</u></b><br />
<br />
In this series of posts, 4 uBiome analyses will be reviewed. The third column in the above comparison is of a gentleman who was also on potato starch 2-4 Tbs for 6months, then switched to an 'amped version' of <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2013/11/how-to-cure-sibo-small-intestinal-bowel.html">Bionic Fiber for 4 months</a>. <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Besides Sprague's example, Person 'A' is the second case of associated potato starch-enrichment of Clostridium botulinum.</span><br />
<br />
On the other hand, Bionic Fiber is associated with reduction of Clostridium strains per studies (see below). I think now, Person 'A' is on a downtrend for Clostridium.<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Person 'A' reports numerous improvements since starting Bionic Fiber: better sleep, better skin, better brain (decreased fog and fatigue).</span><br />
<br />
<b><i>BENEFITS OF AMPED BIONIC FIBER</i></b>: Bionic fiber is a combination of diverse fibers that the gut flora absolutely thrive and love to eat. It works because they selectively stimulate nearly <i>all </i>the phylogenetic core that Julien Tap et al and gut researchers around the world have identified as the core consortia that protect human health for millenium as observed in both individuals that still live non-urbanized 'dirty' living and those that live in Europe, Korea, and USA. The basis of bionic fiber discussed <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2015/01/lose-weight-body-fat-improve-blood.html">here</a>. For vital '<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v518/n7540_supp/pdf/518S3a.pdf">Peacekeepers</a>' like Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and super immunoprotective gut flora, it potently stimulates these colonies along the length of our guts for human leanness and longevity.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQlf0pKYrIVMEglIqKjenSImZAOHeaatrCqi0xSO6-DOfPzF40N8ldNZ-5GrvgyDXDqv7BLwNHzRjBuzyzwos-g_x6JSI8ggccDBB7ZPOxuiEEgJFP_RLsKBv53NC2NGgu3pFSR6Vo1Bj-/s1600/F+PRAUS+MOISES+NATURE+2015.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQlf0pKYrIVMEglIqKjenSImZAOHeaatrCqi0xSO6-DOfPzF40N8ldNZ-5GrvgyDXDqv7BLwNHzRjBuzyzwos-g_x6JSI8ggccDBB7ZPOxuiEEgJFP_RLsKBv53NC2NGgu3pFSR6Vo1Bj-/s1600/F+PRAUS+MOISES+NATURE+2015.png" height="320" width="254" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v518/n7540_supp/pdf/518S3a.pdf">Velasquez-Manoff, Nature 2015</a></td></tr>
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Person 'A' took for four months prior to the uBiome sample an amped version of <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2013/11/how-to-cure-sibo-small-intestinal-bowel.html">BIONIC FIBER</a> <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">inulin, acacia, glucomannan, psyllium, baobab fruit powder and larch arabinogalactan</span>.<br />
<br />
<div style="color: #222222;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Inulin, GOS, FOS and other oligosaccharides purge pathogens like toxin-secreting Clostridium strains</span></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #222222;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16214763" ref="ordinalpos=11&ncbi_uid=16214763&link_uid=16214763&linksrc=docsum_title" style="color: #642a8f; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14.4040012359619px; line-height: 15.9550228118896px;">Increase of faecal bifidobacteria due to dietary <b>oligosaccharides</b> induces a reduction of clinically relevant <b>pathogen</b> germs in the faeces of formula-fed preterm infants.</a></span></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12676665" ref="ordinalpos=13&ncbi_uid=12676665&link_uid=12676665&linksrc=docsum_title" style="color: #642a8f; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14.4040012359619px; line-height: 15.9550228118896px;">Nondigestible <b>oligosaccharides</b> enhance bacterial colonization resistance against <b>Clostridium</b> difficile in vitro.</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10619166" ref="ordinalpos=14&ncbi_uid=10619166&link_uid=10619166&linksrc=docsum_title" style="color: #642a8f; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14.4040012359619px; line-height: 15.9550228118896px;">Non-digestible <b>oligosaccharides</b> used as prebiotic agents: mode of production and beneficial effects on animal and human health.</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16214763" ref="ordinalpos=11&ncbi_uid=16214763&link_uid=16214763&linksrc=docsum_title" style="color: #642a8f; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14.4040012359619px; line-height: 15.9550228118896px;">Increase of faecal bifidobacteria due to dietary <b>oligosaccharides</b> induces a reduction of clinically relevant <b>pathogen</b> germs in the faeces of formula-fed preterm infants.</a></li>
</ul>
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<br />
<br />
Butyrate looks like it is quite good with really high Eubacteria, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae and other Clostridiales being robust and abundant (we'll review in detail in future posts). These are higher than Sprague's initially and post-potato parade.<br />
<br />
According to Person "A": <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
"So about 3 years ago started having somewhat generic symptoms - brain fog and fatigue, dry/flaky skin mostly on my face. Switching to a perfect health diet (or at least trying to follow PHD [<a href="http://perfecthealthdiet.com/">PERFECT HEALTH DIET, PAUL JAMINENT</a>) helped quite a bit. [Fiber]: 15-20 grams of fiber per day on average. We eat a good amount of rice and potatoes, some freshly cooked, some cooled and reheated. Probably average 1 serving of vegetables a day (mostly broccoli, brussel sprouts, green peas) and 2-4 servings of fruit per day (bananas and berries mostly). We've also been re-incorporating beans lately - probably 2-3 servings per week.<br />
<br />
I started RPS about 1 year ago and quit almost immediately due to some joint pain and excessive gas. A few weeks later I tried again, but started with a much smaller amount and built up to the 2-4 tbsp/day recommendation at the time. I didn't notice much of a difference, other than really great bowel movements - very regular and consistently a bristol 3 or 4. The brain fog and fatigue continued to be occasional - no real change with just the RPS.<br />
Then about 4 months ago I started mixing up your bionic fiber, dumped the RPS but still used some plantain flour. I'd say I get about 20-30 grams of supplemental fibers a day now, with <b><u style="background-color: #d9ead3;">inulin and acacia</u></b> being the majority. <b><u style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Glucomannon, psyllium, baobab, larch are included as well in very small amounts.</u></b> I've now dropped the raw plantain flour in the last couple weeks.<br />
Since switching to the <b><u style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">bionic mix</u></b>, here the changes I've noticed. Bowel movements slightly worse actually. Still fairly regular, but get bristol 2 every now and then. Brain fog and fatigue still present, <b><u style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">but noticeably improved</u></b>. <b><u style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Skin appears to be healing as well</u></b>, but not all the way there yet. <b><u style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Skin is improving - dryness, texture, moisture.</u></b> I'm not really sure how to describe it and my doctor never thought it was anything to worry about - he just said to use lots of moisturizer... It wasn't painful or itchy, just unsightly to look at!"</blockquote>
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<br />
To Be Continued...<br />
<br />
We'll talk more about<br />
--Bifidobacteria longum<br />
--how Bionic Fiber bionically raises buytrate producersDr. B Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15451872961651116061noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6780103924890350442.post-30125996675716477232015-03-04T12:15:00.000-08:002015-03-04T12:15:26.977-08:00Gut Guardians Podcast: Episode 15 – Gut Healing w Robin Treasure<a href="http://restoretheflora.com/gut-guardians-podcast-episode-15-gut-healing-w-robin-treasure/">Gut Guardians Podcast: Episode 15 – Gut Healing w Robin Treasure</a><br />
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Wellness specialist Robin Treasure joins the Gut Guardian Podcast to bring her expertise on healing the gut. Robin shares her best tips on which certain foods to avoid and which ones to add into the diet to help alleviate inflammation and heal the gut. She also gives warnings for those who may experience symptoms of a histamine intolerance when supplementing with probiotics.<br />
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Don’t forget to leave any comments or suggestions! Enjoy!<br />
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Podcast: <a class="powerpress_link_pinw" href="http://restoretheflora.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Robin-Treasure-Part-1.mp3" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank" title="Play in new window">Play in new window</a> | <a class="powerpress_link_d" download="Robin-Treasure-Part-1.mp3" href="http://restoretheflora.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Robin-Treasure-Part-1.mp3" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" title="Download">Download</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; word-wrap: break-word;">Show Notes:</strong><a href="http://restoretheflora.com/gut-guardians-podcast-episode-15-gut-healing-w-robin-treasure/Robintreasure.com" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">RobinTreasure.com</a><a href="http://www.robintreasure.com/online-programs/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Robin’s ‘Restore’ Program</a><a href="http://wellnessmama.com/5888/how-to-make-bone-broth/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Matt’s source for making his bone broth</a><a href="http://www.klaire.com/probiotics_cat.htm" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Klaire Probiotics</a></span></h2>
Dr. B Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15451872961651116061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6780103924890350442.post-34588942294621677902015-02-26T10:45:00.003-08:002015-02-26T10:45:36.009-08:00Gut Guardians Podcast: Episode 14 – Genetics & Low Carb, SBO’s, and The Upper Gut w/ John Brisson<a href="http://restoretheflora.com/gut-guardians-podcast-episode-14-genetics-low-carb-sbos-and-the-upper-gut-w-john-brisson/">Gut Guardians Podcast: Episode 14 – Genetics, Low Carb, SBO’s, and The Upper Gut w/ John Brisson</a><br />
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<br />
This is a wonderful gem, just like John Brisson!<br />
<br />
The Finale of the 3 part series with John Brisson of FixYourGut.com. In this episode, John talks with Grace and Matt about the Perfect Health Diet, Raw Milk, Genes and Low Carb Diets, SBO’s and much more! Don’t forget to check out John’s book, which is a great resource for anybody who would love to learn more about the gut and resolving gut troubles.<br />
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Enjoy the episode!<br />
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<strong style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Show Notes:</span></strong></h3>
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<a href="http://restoretheflora.com/gut-guardians-podcast-episode-14-genetics-low-carb-sbos-and-the-upper-gut-w-john-brisson/fixyourgut.com" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">FixYourGut.com</span></a></h3>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Fix-Your-Gut-Dedicated-Digestive-ebook/dp/B00JNL0SYK/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1422500651&sr=8-1&keywords=fix+your+gut" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">FixYourGut Book on Amazon</span></a></h3>
<h3 style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px; outline: none; word-wrap: break-word;">
<a href="http://perfecthealthdiet.com/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Perfect Health Diet</span></a></h3>
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Podcast: <a class="powerpress_link_pinw" href="http://restoretheflora.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/John-Brisson-Part-3.mp3" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank" title="Play in new window">Play in new window</a> | <a class="powerpress_link_d" download="John-Brisson-Part-3.mp3" href="http://restoretheflora.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/John-Brisson-Part-3.mp3" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" title="Download">Download</a></div>
Dr. B Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15451872961651116061noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6780103924890350442.post-73081974719517842602015-02-20T09:48:00.000-08:002015-02-20T09:53:44.200-08:00Gut Guardians Podcast: Episode 12 &13 – Probiotics, MAPS, and Ancestral Core; Flora Disruptors w John Brisson<a href="http://restoretheflora.com/gut-guardians-podcast-episode-13-flora-disruptors-w-john-brisson/">Gut Guardians Podcast: Episode 13 – Flora Disruptors w John Brisson</a><br />
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FixYouGut.com’s John Brisson joins Matt and Dr. Grace on the GG podcast. In part 2 of the 3 part series, John and Grace talks about certain strains that are both detrimental and beneficial for proper gut function. Enjoy!<br />
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Podcast: <a class="powerpress_link_pinw" href="http://restoretheflora.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/John-Brisson-Part-2.mp3" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank" title="Play in new window">Play in new window</a> | <a class="powerpress_link_d" download="John-Brisson-Part-2.mp3" href="http://restoretheflora.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/John-Brisson-Part-2.mp3" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" title="Download">Download</a></div>
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<strong style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Show Notes:</span></strong></h3>
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<a href="http://restoretheflora.com/gut-guardians-podcast-episode-13-flora-disruptors-w-john-brisson/fixyourgut.com" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">FixYourGut.com</span></a></h3>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Fix-Your-Gut-Dedicated-Digestive-ebook/dp/B00JNL0SYK/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1422500651&sr=8-1&keywords=fix+your+gut" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">FixYourGut Book on Amazon</span></a></h3>
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<a href="http://restoretheflora.com/gut-guardians-podcast-episode-12-probiotics-maps-and-ancestral-core-with-john-brisson/">Gut Guardians Podcast: Episode 12 – Probiotics, MAPS, and Ancestral Core with John Brisson</a><br />
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FixYouGut.com’s John Brisson joins Matt and Dr. Grace on the GG podcast. In part 1 of the 3 part series, John brings his insights and precautions on using certain probiotics. He also explains how he has had success treating clients with Crohns/Ulcerative Colitis. Dr. Grace and John also talk about their differences on what they believe to be “ancestral”. Don’t forget to rate and review the podcast. Enjoy!<br />
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<strong style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Show Notes:</span></strong></h3>
<h3 style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px; outline: none; word-wrap: break-word;">
<a href="http://restoretheflora.com/gut-guardians-podcast-episode-12-probiotics-maps-and-ancestral-core-with-john-brisson/fixyourgut.com" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">FixYourGut.com</span></a></h3>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Fix-Your-Gut-Dedicated-Digestive-ebook/dp/B00JNL0SYK/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1422500651&sr=8-1&keywords=fix+your+gut" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">FixYourGut Book on Amazon</span></a></h3>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3031217/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">MAP’s Study</span></a></h3>
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Dr. B Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15451872961651116061noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6780103924890350442.post-50875467282657995982015-02-05T08:30:00.000-08:002015-02-05T08:37:56.914-08:00Gut Guardians DOUBLE Podcast Episodes: Diabetes, Fiber Diversity and the Gut Microbiota w/ Dr. Tim Gerstmar, Parts I and II<a href="http://restoretheflora.com/gut-guardians-podcast-episode-08-diabetes-and-the-gut-microbiota-w-dr-tim-gerstmar/">Diabetes and the Gut Microbiota (Part 1) With Dr Tim Gerstmar ND</a><br />
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The Gut Guardians Podcast welcomes Dr. Tim Gerstmar (@DrTimGerstmarND) onto the show. He shares his insights on how he is treating his patients with diabetes and also gives us his take on the most recent findings that show the relationship between the gut microbiota and diabetes. Dr. Grace and Matt had a lot of fun chatting with Dr. Tim, as he brings his expansive knowledge to the show. </h3>
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Enjoy!</h3>
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Podcast: <a class="powerpress_link_pinw" href="http://restoretheflora.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Dr-Tim-Gerstmar-1.mp3" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank" title="Play in new window">Play in new window</a> | <a class="powerpress_link_d" download="Dr-Tim-Gerstmar-1.mp3" href="http://restoretheflora.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Dr-Tim-Gerstmar-1.mp3" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" title="Download">Download</a></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration: underline; word-wrap: break-word;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://restoretheflora.com/gut-guardian-podcast-episode-09-fiber-diversity-w-dr-tim-gerstmar/" style="font-weight: normal;">Fiber Diversity and the Gut Microbiota (Part 2) With Dr Tim Gerstmar ND</a></strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">The conversation continues on the Gut Guardian Podcast with Dr. Tim Gerstmar. He gives both Dr. Grace and Matt a look inside of his “secret” jars. Well, looks like they aren’t going to be much of a secret after listening to this podcast! Inside the jars are Dr. Gerstmar’s special blend of fibers which range from FOS to </span>glucomannan<span style="font-weight: normal;">. Get your mason jars ready! Dr. Tim and Dr. Grace go back to the discussion on the mismatch between the modern human and the environments surrounding in and around us. And be sure to listen to the end, where Dr. Tim sums up what all of us should do to lead a happy, healthy life. </span></h3>
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Enjoy!</h3>
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Podcast: <a class="powerpress_link_pinw" href="http://restoretheflora.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Dr.-Gerstmar-Part-2.mp3" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank" title="Play in new window">Play in new window</a> | <a class="powerpress_link_d" download="Dr.-Gerstmar-Part-2.mp3" href="http://restoretheflora.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Dr.-Gerstmar-Part-2.mp3" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" title="Download">Download</a></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration: underline; word-wrap: break-word;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; word-wrap: break-word;">Show Notes</strong></span></h3>
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Dr. Tim Gerstmar’s Site <a href="http://www.aspirenaturalhealth.com/" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Aspire Natural Health</a></h3>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/@drtimgerstmarnd" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">@DrGerstmarND</a> and on <a href="http://facebook.com/aspirenaturalhealth" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Facebook </a></h3>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">PPAR</a></h3>
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<a href="https://cronometer.com/" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Cronometer</a></h3>
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HUMAN STUDIES ON GLUCOMANNAN:</div>
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<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1339216" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1423110027964_81820" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #642a8f; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14.2857141494751px; line-height: 11.396445274353px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">[Dietary fiber in the dietetic therapy of diabetes mellitus. Experimental data with purified glucomannans].</a></li>
<li><a class="yiv7391425852" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10372241" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1423110027964_81816" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #642a8f; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14.2857141494751px; line-height: 11.396445274353px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">Konjac-mannan (glucomannan) improves glycemia and other associated risk factors for coronary heart disease in type 2diabetes. A randomized controlled metabolic trial.</a></li>
<li><a class="yiv7391425852" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10857960" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1423110027964_81880" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #642a8f; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14.2857141494751px; line-height: 11.396445274353px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">Beneficial effects of viscous dietary fiber from Konjac-mannan in subjects with the insulin resistance syndrome: results of a controlled metabolic trial.</a></li>
<li><a class="yiv7391425852" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12569112" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1423110027964_81859" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #642a8f; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14.2857141494751px; line-height: 11.396445274353px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">Konjac supplement alleviated hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic subjects--a randomized double-blind trial.</a></li>
<li><a class="yiv7391425852" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24944372" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1423110027964_81865" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #642a8f; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14.2857141494751px; line-height: 11.396445274353px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">Effects of a stimulant-free dietary supplement on body weight and fat loss in obese adults: a six-week exploratory study.</a><span style="color: #642a8f; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> [</span><span class="yiv7391425852" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1428575515747px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 10.2856006622314px;">glucomannan</span><span class="yiv7391425852" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1428575515747px; line-height: 10.2856006622314px;">, chitosan, <span class="yiv7391425852" style="font-weight: bold;">fenugreek</span>, Gymnema sylvestre, and vitamin C]</span></li>
<li><a class="yiv7391425852" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16391591" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1423110027964_81871" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #642a8f; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14.2857141494751px; line-height: 11.396445274353px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">Effect of plant sterols and glucomannan on lipids in individuals with and without type II diabetes.</a></li>
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<span class="yiv7391425852" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1423110027964_81897">Lack of translation between refined RS2 and RS3 animal studies to human trials:</span></div>
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<h3 id="yui_3_16_0_1_1423110027964_81887" style="color: #cc6600; font-family: 'PT Sans Caption'; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 4px;">
<span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1423110027964_81905" style="font-size: 13px;">Sorry. Resistant Starch is Unlikely to Miraculously Cause Weight Loss and Body Fat Loss</span></h3>
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<ul id="yui_3_16_0_1_1423110027964_81809" style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li id="yui_3_16_0_1_1423110027964_81829"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22357745" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #cc6600; font-family: 'PT Sans Caption'; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Low (15g) and high dose (30g) RS2 for 4 weeks didn't induce fat loss</a><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1423110027964_81828" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'PT Sans Caption'; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> either but mildly improved insulin resistance in obese men, not women (Maki et al, 2012).</span></li>
<li id="yui_3_16_0_1_1423110027964_81849"><a class="yiv7391425852yui_3_16_0_1_1415333137276_6863" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23752495" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1423110027964_81902" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #cc6600; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Neither did 25 grams refined RS3 supplementation</a><span class="yiv7391425852yui_3_16_0_1_1415333137276_6864" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1423110027964_81848" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> (Novelose330), but high-protein/40% carbs resulted in all body fat parameters pivoting: improved insulin sensitivity, body fat loss and weight loss in human subjects with metabolic syndrome (Lobley et al, 2013).</span></li>
<li id="yui_3_16_0_1_1423110027964_81852"><a class="yiv7391425852yui_3_16_0_1_1415333137276_6867" href="http://www.endocrineconnections.com/content/3/2/75.long" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1423110027964_81851" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #cc6600; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Neither did 40 grams RS2 supplementation for 12 weeks</a><span class="yiv7391425852yui_3_16_0_1_1415333137276_6868" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1423110027964_81885" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> in T2 diabetes (Bodinham et al, 2014). Worsening in body fat mass, BMI, fatty organs such as fatty pancreas, also higher insulin secretion observed.</span></li>
<li id="yui_3_16_0_1_1423110027964_81808"><span class="yiv7391425852yui_3_16_0_1_1415333137276_6871" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1423110027964_81855" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">GREEN BANANA FLOUR: However, a whole food supplement which contains a broad </span><i class="yiv7391425852yui_3_16_0_1_1415333137276_6872" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">spectrum</i><span class="yiv7391425852yui_3_16_0_1_1415333137276_6873" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1423110027964_81826" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> of microbial superfoods, native banana starch flour (NBS) 24 g/day induced 1.2 kg weight loss, improved waist-hip ratios and insulin sensitization in T2 diabetic, obese females after 4 weeks, contained only 8 grams RS2 (</span><a class="yiv7391425852yui_3_16_0_1_1415333137276_6874" href="http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/7/5/1953" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #cc6600; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Ble-Castillo, 2010)</a><span class="yiv7391425852yui_3_16_0_1_1415333137276_6875" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">. Version B of </span><a class="yiv7391425852yui_3_16_0_1_1415333137276_6876" href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2013/11/how-to-cure-sibo-small-intestinal-bowel.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #cc6600; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">BIONIC FIBER</a><span class="yiv7391425852yui_3_16_0_1_1415333137276_6858" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1423110027964_81900" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> in the 7 steps. Green banana and plantains have been shown to heal ulcers and infectious colitis.</span></li>
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Dr. B Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15451872961651116061noreply@blogger.com18tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6780103924890350442.post-46908750197021987822015-01-23T16:05:00.001-08:002015-01-24T07:36:56.902-08:00Lose Weight, Body Fat, Improve Blood Glucoses and Insulin Sensitivity; Repair the Gut Flora That Potato Starch (Raw RS2) Damages (Part VI) <span style="background-color: white;">Part I: <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/11/bifidobacteria-longum-roseburia-f.html">Bifidobacteria longum, Roseburia, F. prausnitzii (and Akkermansia) Made Us Human (NONE OF THESE EAT RAW POTATO STARCH) NSFW</a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Part II: <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/11/hadza-guts-have-ancestral-core.html?m=1">HADZA GUTS HAVE THE ANCESTRAL CORE MICROBIOTA IN ABUNDANCE; High Dose RAW Starch Can Suppress Bifidobacteria, Roseburia, F. prausnitzii That Make Us Human </a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Part III: <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/paleo-mag-hot-tony-federico-has.html?m=1">PALEO MAG HOT TONY FEDERICO HAS THE ANCESTRAL CORE MICROBIOTA IN ABUNDANCE; Citizen Science; Cautions with RPS-RUMPS; High Dose RAW Starch Appears to Suppress Christensenella, Akkermansia, and B longum That Make Us LEAN </a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Part IV: <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/high-dose-potato-starch-can-make-you_22.html">High Dose Potato Starch Can Make You Fatter, Insulin Resistant, Feed Vipers in Your UPPER GUT If You Are MISSING Bifidobacteria longum and Akkermansia mucinophila, aka SAD Microbial Fingerprint NSFW</a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Part V: <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/high-dose-potato-starch-can-make-you.html">High Dose Potato Starch Can Make You Fatter, Insulin Resistant By Lowering GLP-1 AND ESPECIALLY If You Are Missing Bifidobacteria longum and Akkermansia mucinophila, aka SAD Microbial Fingerprint NSFW</a></span><br />
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<b><u>Diabetes Warrior: Gut Experiment with Amped-Up Bionic Fiber</u></b><br />
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Our fearless low-carber Diabetes Warrior, Steve Cooksey, and I are doing a little n=1 experiment with an amped-up version of <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2013/11/how-to-cure-sibo-small-intestinal-bowel.html">Bionic Fiber and the 7 Steps</a>. Bionic Fiber replenishes the ancestral phylogenetic core microbiota which are damaged by SAD diets, antibiotics and high-dosage potato starch (raw resistant starch, type 2). These are the gut flora that also happen to regulate insulin and body fat storage.<br />
<br />
Steve uses a VLC (very low carb) diet to control blood sugars and successfully reversed obesity and complications related to diabetes. As 1/8 Cherokee Native American Indian, the VLC diet suits him well though he eats starches occasionally. Steve works out frequently and his diet includes a lot of greens including dandelion salads which are rich in inulin-FOS.<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.diabetes-warrior.net/2014/12/17/excellent-adventure/">Steve and Grace's Excellent Adventure</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.diabetes-warrior.net/2015/01/14/diabetes-experiments/">Diabetes Experiment Update: Mr. '59'</a></li>
<li>Amped Up Bionic Fiber (NOW Foods brand) + <i>Bifidobacteria longum</i> (<a href="http://www.iherb.com/Life-Extension-Bifido-GI-Balance-60-Veggie-Caps/43020">LEF Bifido GI Balance</a>)</li>
<ul>
<li>2 cups water and hydration during the day </li>
<li>1 tsp <a href="http://www.iherb.com/Now-Foods-Organic-Acacia-Fiber-Powder-12-oz-340-g/16278">Acacia </a></li>
<li>1 tsp <a href="http://www.iherb.com/Now-Foods-Organic-Inulin-100-Pure-Powder-8-oz-227-g/1100">Inulin-FOS</a></li>
<li>1 tsp <a href="http://www.iherb.com/Now-Foods-100-Certified-Organic-Psyllium-Husk-Powder-12-oz-340-g/21116">Psyllium</a> </li>
<li>1/4 to 1/2 tsp <a href="http://www.iherb.com/Now-Foods-Glucomannan-100-Pure-Powder-8-oz-227-g/38548">Glucomannan</a> (avoid if trouble swallowing, dysphagia because this viscous fiber swells by 20-times in volume; max dose 1/2 tsp daily)</li>
</ul>
</ul>
Steve's results so far show reduction in weight prior to the holidays and no gains during the festivities. He was very pleased to see the blood glucoses (BG) improve from 70 - low 90s to <span style="background-color: yellow;">59 - 80s</span>. Stools improved within 1-2 wks going from 3 times per week to daily.<br />
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<b><u>PROBLEM WITH POTATO STARCH? RAISES BLOOD GLUCOSES: FOLZ FAMILY</u></b><br />
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In the Folz Family RUMP/raw potato starch experiment, the family members all observed higher blood glucoses with 1 TBS potato starch except for Child 1 who was taking 1 TBS PSYLLIUM which has been shown to reduce body weight and blood glucoses. The n=1 are small but the point of the experiment was to measure BG as a metric of gut health. Adult 2 was trying to lose weight but no body fat losses or weight loss were reported during or after the 6 week experiment.<br />
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<a href="http://resistantstarchbiome.blogspot.com/2014_04_01_archive.html">HERE</a> Allan Folz:<br />
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<i><span style="color: #0b5394;"><b>First, our blood glucose measurements marginally went up, especially for my wife and me who were taking the largest doses. </b></span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #0b5394;"><b><br /></b></span></i>
<i><span style="color: #0b5394;"><b>Before beginning the experiment I measured our BG first thing after waking up across three consecutive days. These were taken on January 15, 16, and 17.</b></span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #0b5394;"><b><br /></b></span></i>
<i><span style="color: #0b5394;"><b>[PRE RESISTANT STARCH, RS2]</b></span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #0b5394;"><b>For myself: 96, 89, 88</b></span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #0b5394;"><b>For my wife: 89, 93, 101</b></span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #0b5394;"><b>For child 1: 96, 91, 109</b></span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #0b5394;"><b>For child 2: 84, 90, n/a</b></span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #0b5394;"><b><br /></b></span></i>
<i><span style="color: #0b5394;"><b><br /></b></span></i>
<i><span style="color: #0b5394;"><b><br /></b></span></i>
<i><span style="color: #0b5394;"><b>After six weeks of RS I repeated taking some morning measurements. These were taken on March 26, April 1, 2, and 4.</b></span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #0b5394;"><b><br /></b></span></i>
<i><span style="color: #0b5394;"><b>[POST RESISTANT STARCH, RS2]</b></span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #0b5394;"><b>For myself: <span style="background-color: yellow;">97, 114, 94, 98</span></b></span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #0b5394;"><b>For my wife: <span style="background-color: yellow;">116, 95, 92, n/a</span></b></span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #0b5394;"><b>For child 1: n/a, 92, 85, 89 [+ 1 TBS PSYLLIUM=IMPROVED BLOOD GLUCOSES]</b></span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #0b5394;"><b>For child 2: <span style="background-color: yellow;">87, 90, 79, 100</span></b></span></i><br />
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<b><u>RAW STARCHES ARE NOT ANCESTRAL?</u></b><br />
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Tigernut man was the last hominid that studies show consumed a high RS2 diet -- and he and his pre-human lineage expired 1.2 million years ago. The hunter-gatherers who learned to cook and use routine fire dominated the plains, steeps, and gallery forests during the hundreds of thousands of years that followed. Our diet and gut flora have likely adapted and reflects vast changes in the fiber and diversity of resource allocation since then. The flora that feed and crossfeed from raw starches (Bacteroides, Clostridium) are not the dominant immunoprotective nor body fat controlling ones (Bifidobacteria longum, Akkermansia, Christensenella, Roseburia, Faecalibacterium, etc) which consume a variety of fiber but not raw starches well or at all. The raw starch eating bacteria help make us human compared to chimps but they are not the powerful anti-inflammatory gut flora that help our bodies to efficiently utilize fats and complex carbohydrates and by cycling body fat back into ready energy brain energy (glucose or ketones). In that respective it explains why in <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/high-dose-potato-starch-can-make-you.html">human and pig studies</a> (prior post), raw starches (RS Type 2) such as high-amylose maize and raw potato starch fail to appear to perform well metabolically and may even raise fasting insulin and insulin resistance. Body fat doesn't improve or even gets worse. Gut researchers cannot reconcile the differences between the good hamster/rodent studies and the lack of translation in human studies and human subjects.<br />
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Rats lose body fat on their native diet -- raw starch -- but humans do not appear to (or even get fattier organs, higher BP and higher insulin, Bodinham et al 2012 and 2014), and perhaps this is related the fact that no current human society consumes large dosages of raw starches in their regular daily diet or at least not without being accompanied by an upwards of 150 grams of dietary fiber (Hadza). So is raw starch part of the natural food for our gut flora? What adverse shifts in the gut flora happen when unnatural 'fiber' becomes a large component of dietary fiber for humans and fuel for our 100 trillion gut inhabitants? The research seems pretty clear that our gut flora are maladapted, and, worse, the gut shifts affect metabolism and insulin sensitivity by lowering keystone anti-inflammatory gut species that are associated with leanness and insulin sensitivity.<br />
<br />
Gut scientists <a href="http://www.uclouvain.be/cps/ucl/doc/ir-ldri/images/geurts2013.pdf">Geurts et al</a> recently stated:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
"Resistant starches (RS) are also fermentable non-digestible<br />
carbohydrates (Bird et al., 2010; Robertson, 2012). Although<br />
they are not regarded widely as a prebiotics, most forms<br />
of RS induce changes in gut microbiota composition<br />
(Flint, 2012). In rodents, data suggest that chronic RS<br />
feeding upregulates proglucagon expression (i.e. GLP-1<br />
precursor) in the colon with concomitant increases in<br />
neuropeptide expression in the hypothalamus (Shen et<br />
al., 2009; Zhou et al., 2008). <span style="background-color: white;">These effects result in weight</span><span style="background-color: white;">loss and improvements in glycaemic control</span><span style="background-color: yellow;">. However, to</span><span style="background-color: yellow;">date there is no evidence for this in humans (for review </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">see Robertson, 2012)</span>." </blockquote>
<ul>
<li>Prior post: <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/high-dose-potato-starch-can-make-you.html">High Dose Potato Starch Can Make You Fatter, Insulin Resistant By Lowering GLP-1 AND ESPECIALLY If You Are Missing Bifidobacteria longum and Akkermansia mucinophila, aka SAD Microbial Fingerprint</a></li>
</ul>
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<b><u>SHIFTING GUT FLORA WITH BIONIC FIBER</u></b></div>
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Cooksey tried potato starch but it didn't lead to permanent changes in body composition -- sometimes he gained weight, sometimes he lost weight. Blood sugars and stools initially improved then plateaued, so after a few months he gave up and noticed no change afterwards in glycemic control.</div>
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Like all the gut profiles I've reviewed, I would strongly suspect the lack of permanent improvements were related to adverse shifts in Cooksey's guts a result of high dosage potato starch induces on the gut. </div>
<div>
--suppression of <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/high-dose-potato-starch-can-make-you.html">Bifidobacteria longum</a>, the keystone immunity and gut guard (depletion is associated with nearly all human diseases studied so far) </div>
<div>
--reductions in <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/high-dose-potato-starch-can-make-you.html">Akkermansia</a>(higher the better, the lower the blood sugars and disease in human trials)</div>
<div>
--reductions in <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/paleo-mag-hot-tony-federico-has.html">Christensenella</a>(higher the better, the lower the body fat and disease in human trials)</div>
<div>
--reductions in <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/11/hadza-guts-have-ancestral-core.html">Roseburia and F. prausnitzii</a> particularly for those on lower carb diets (these are the large butyrate producers of Clostridia XIVa and IV and are immunoprotective)</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjziFZoPLkJUCRzl_sePtjI_K4osfnKr2heTx7KcVJVlGUSxRh9btzt172v8WCpon6g_DbbHzGWLIBsdPUlZzpZV4utRuGLyBE4-ACo9r6z3E-IbS7eaL-83jWEhhyzPg0692WUJIsCHb9M/s1600/fat-microbiota+cani.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjziFZoPLkJUCRzl_sePtjI_K4osfnKr2heTx7KcVJVlGUSxRh9btzt172v8WCpon6g_DbbHzGWLIBsdPUlZzpZV4utRuGLyBE4-ACo9r6z3E-IbS7eaL-83jWEhhyzPg0692WUJIsCHb9M/s1600/fat-microbiota+cani.png" height="204" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>How To Boost<br /><i>Bifidobacteria longum, Roseburia,<br />Akkermansia muciniphila,<br />and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i>For Fat Loss, Satiety,<br />Reversal of NASH/fatty liver,<br />Improved Glycemic Control and Insulin Sensitivity</b><br />
<a href="http://www.uclouvain.be/cps/ucl/doc/ir-ldri/images/geurts2013.pdf">Geurts et al 2013</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
To fill in the gaps that are missing in the microbial fingerprints of most modern and damaged guts, <a href="http://www.uclouvain.be/cps/ucl/doc/ir-ldri/images/geurts2013.pdf">Geurts et al</a> advise several fibers and prebiotics to increase Akkermansia, Bifidobacteria longum, Roseburia and F. prausnitzii including chitin-beta glucan, arabinoxylan (psyllium, grains), oligosaccharides and inulin-FOS. Amped-up bionic fiber contains a variety of these to promote diversity in the gut -- low doses of several fibers that all increase acetate, propionate, butyrate and long term raise GLP-1, an anti-inflammatory gut hormone that promotes fat burning and leanness. Geurts et al discusses GLP-1 in detail. These fibers that raise GLP-1 are found in a variety of foods including the below. Steve Cooksey loves to forage for dandelion roots and greens, wonderful sources of inulin-FOS which are nuclear powerhouses that enrich Akkermansia and B. longum and which are both shown in human trials to lower blood sugars, improve fat loss and potently fix glycemic control.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><u>Preferentially Feeding Bifidobacteria longum, Akk, Roseburia, and FP (Avoid Raw Starch)</u></b><br />
<br />
Many plant foods contain these below special fibers and prebiotics that selectively feed B longum, Akk, Roseburia, F prausnitzii:<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="http://caloriesproper.com/mushrooms-are-awesome-p/">mushrooms</a> -- chitin-glucan (hat tip Dr Lagakos)</li>
<li>beans -- <a href="http://caloriesproper.com/?s=gos">GOS</a> (hat tip Dr Lagakos)</li>
<li>raw dairy -- <a href="http://caloriesproper.com/?s=gos">GOS</a> and other oligos</li>
<li>whole GF grains, gums and psyllium -- oligos, FOS, AXOS, inulin, acacia, pectin, lignins, etc</li>
<li>low carb, non-starchy tubers (dandelion root, chicory, sunchokes, beets, rutabagas, konjac, etc) -- FOS, inulin, XOS, pectin, hemicellulose, etc</li>
</ul>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-76572866-1970-984a-e6f0-e8b9f3bd7c2f" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="96"></col><col width="134"></col><col width="105"></col><col width="105"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #ff9900; border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #ff9900; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Leanness Related Gut Flora</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ff9900; border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #ff9900; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Depletions Associated with Human Clinical Disease</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ff9900; border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #ff9900; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Leanness Gut Flora, Prebiotics, and Human Studies</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ff9900; border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="line-height: 1;">
<span style="background-color: #ff9900; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px;">Damaging Gut Effects of High Dose Raw RS2 </span><span style="line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Resistant Starch </span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1;">
<span style="background-color: #ff9900; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Potato Starch)</span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: #ff9900; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">N=1s</span><span style="background-color: #ff9900; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gut Diversity</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diseases are Associated with Low Gut Diversity</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Increases Diversity If Diverse Fibers</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Reduced by 10-36%</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--Folz family 10-20% loss of genera or phyla with RS2</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bifidobacteria longum</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=18661304" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc6600; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Low or none found in babies with allergic colitis; healthy infants are enriched with B longum</span></a></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=17941914" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Only infants of allergic, atopic mothers were colonized with B adolescentis; healthy babies colonized with B. longum. Healthy, disease-free mothers had high amounts of B. longum in breastmilk which was the most frequently detected species in milk</span></a></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B.longum and bifido depleted in chronic liver disease, fatty liver/NASH,</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=longum%20obesity" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">obesity</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, T2D </span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19102766" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc6600; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Total bifido and Bifidobacteria longum depleted in celiac patients compared with disease-free healthy subjects</span></a></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21901256" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B.longum with FOS improves fatty liver/NASH and elevated liver tests</span></a></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25244414" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B longum probiotic with other bifido/lacto strains administered to chronic liver patients: GI symptoms improved and SIBO disappeared in 24% v. none in controls</span></a></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">suppression of</span><a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/high-dose-potato-starch-can-make-you.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc6600; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bifidobacteria longum</span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--often undetectable</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--depletions of 100-fold to 2000-fold for relative bifido typically for potato starch</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--B.animalis or B. adolescentis majority colonizer</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Akkermansia</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Depleted in metabolic disorders and gut conditions:</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23671105" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">diabetes, obesity, fatty liver/NASH</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">,</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23768552" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">IBD, IBS</span></a></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“A. muciniphila is important for a healthy host as its decreased abundance is associated with compromised health including acute appendicitis, ulcerative colitis, autism and atopic diseases. Finally, the abundance of A. muciniphila is inversely correlated with obesity ...plays a pivotal role in obesity as its duodenal delivery regulates fat-mass gain, metabolic endotoxemia, adipose tissue inflammation, and insulin resistance”</span><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/1574-6976.12075/asset/fmr12075.pdf?v=1&t=i59vfd2g&s=6b7087d92120cbae19cbd05516501c3c2511e85e" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Source</span></a></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24966608" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Interventions to increase Akkermansia muciniphila improve the metabolic parameters in obesity and NAFLD</span></a></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">reductions in</span><a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/high-dose-potato-starch-can-make-you.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Akkermansia</span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-- 2-fold to 17-fold depletions from normal</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25037189" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Depleted in ulcerative colitis and resistant starch no benefit in human trial</span></a></div>
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<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Christensenella</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1574-6976.12075/abstract" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20-fold depletion in inflammatory bowel disease</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/1574-6976.12075/asset/fmr12075.pdf?v=1&t=i59vfd2g&s=6b7087d92120cbae19cbd05516501c3c2511e85e" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc6600; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5-fold depletion in post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome</span></a></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2014/11/06/the-most-heritable-gut-bacterium-is-wait-what-is-that-2/%20" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Christensenellaceae bacteria might be a “keystone”</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">species, “one that wields a disproportionate influence upon the world around it.”'</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/paleo-mag-hot-tony-federico-has.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tony Federico</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-- 2-fold enrichment of </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>Christensenella</i></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> with high fiber, non-starchy tubers and vegetables</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-- 5-fold enrichment compared with controls of family </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>Christensenellaceae</i></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">reductions in</span><a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/paleo-mag-hot-tony-federico-has.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc6600; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Christensenella</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--2.5 to 10+ times depleted below controls</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--Stopping raw potato starch increases </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>Christensenella</i></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> from undetectable to detectable levels</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-- 4-fold decreases in family </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>Christensenelleae</i></span></div>
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<br />
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<br />
<b><u>B. ANIMALIS AND B. LACTIS ARE NOT AS EFFECTIVE AS GUT SPECIALIST BIFIDOBACTERIA LONGUM</u></b><br />
<br />
Several bifido probiotics exist on the market but none work as effectively to improve immunity, improve gut disorders and reverse diseases as the ones native to humans: B. longum, B bifidum and B breve. In healthy guts and breastmilk of healthy, disease-free mothers, B. longum is the dominant species (see above table).<br />
<br />
"In this context recent clinical studies as well as murine-based trials involving supplementation of probiotic bifidobacteria belonging to the B. animalis subsp. lactis taxon coupled with metagenomics investigations, highlighted the lack of any effect in terms of modulation/modification of the gut microbiota composition upon intake of such probiotic bacteria,41,42 thus reinforcing the notion that the<span style="background-color: yellow;"> use of bifidobacterial strains that do not have a human origin, such as members of the B. animalis subsp. lactis species, may be limited in their ability to interact with other members of the gut microbiota or with the host</span>." (Ventura, Turroni et al 2014) <br />
<br />
Bifidobacteria in healthy subjects' <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/paleo-mag-hot-tony-federico-has.html">human guts</a> (Turroni et al AEM 2007)<br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'PT Sans Caption'; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">Fecal bifidobacteria:</span><br />
<i style="font-family: 'PT Sans Caption'; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"><b><span style="background-color: white;">B longum </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">43.5% (non-starch eater, prefers oligos, arabinoxylanOS & mucin)</span></b></i><br />
<i style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'PT Sans Caption'; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"><b>B lactis 23%</b></i><br />
<i style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'PT Sans Caption'; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"><b>B adolescentis 12% (starch eater)</b></i><br />
<i style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'PT Sans Caption'; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"><b>B pseudocatenulatum 8%</b></i><br />
<i style="color: #333333; font-family: 'PT Sans Caption'; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"><b><span style="background-color: white;">B bifidum </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">6% (non-starch eater)</span></b></i><br />
<i style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'PT Sans Caption'; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"><b>B breve 4% (starch eater)</b></i><br />
<i style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'PT Sans Caption'; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"><b>B pseudolongum 2%</b></i><br />
<i style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'PT Sans Caption'; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"><b>B dentium 1.5%</b></i></div>
Dr. B Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15451872961651116061noreply@blogger.com112tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6780103924890350442.post-78969833316325166682015-01-21T09:44:00.001-08:002015-01-21T09:44:30.282-08:00PART II: Gut Guardians Podcast Episode 11 – Reinforcing Tribal Connections w Tony Federico<b><u>Gut Guardians Podcast: Episode 11 – Reinforcing Tribal Connections w Tony Federico</u></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://restoretheflora.com/gut-guardians-podcast-episode-11-reinforcing-tribal-connections-w-tony-federico/">Part 2 of Dr. Grace’s and Matt’s talk with Tony Federico</a>.<br />
<br />
While most point to diet and exercise as key markers of achieving good health, Tony brings up another great aspect of living well: being apart of one’s community. A discussion on how tapping back into our roots can play an integral part of ones health. by helping and developing a sense of community with the ones surrounding gives us the same tribal setting as our ancestors.<br />
<br />
Gather some tubers, and huddle a group of your closest friends around the fire for this podcast!<br />
<br />
<u>Show Notes</u><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="https://twitter.com/TonyFedFitness">Tony Federico’s Twitter</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.fitnessinanevolutionarydirection.com/">Tony’s Website</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Paleo-Grilling-Modern-Cavemans-Cooking/dp/1592336124/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1420899942&sr=8-1&keywords=Paleo+grilling">Paleo Magazine Radio</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Paleo-Grilling-Modern-Cavemans-Cooking/dp/1592336124/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1420899942&sr=8-1&keywords=Paleo+grilling">Paleo Grilling</a></li>
<li><a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/paleo-mag-hot-tony-federico-has.html?m=1">Dr. Grace’s Analysis of Tony’s Gut Test Results</a></li>
</ul>
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Dr. B Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15451872961651116061noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6780103924890350442.post-75966282297412392122015-01-13T09:11:00.000-08:002015-01-15T14:56:47.234-08:00Gut Guardians Podcast: Episode 10 – Tackling Resistant Starch and the Paleo Diet w Tony FedericoTony Federico, host of the Paleo Magazine Radio show, joins Dr. Grace and Matt to talk about his uBiome results. A possible beneficial strain <i>Christensenella </i>was abundant in Tony’s gut, which Dr. Grace goes into further detail. Tony talks beyond just Paleo, bringing insight to his day to day life, and how he maintains his healthy living. Tony asks Dr. Grace’s opinion on the potential effects of resistant starch and avoiding too many starches on a paleo diet.<br />
<br />
Enjoy Part 1!<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizyTGRkMcpj1IDraKU1XtUKOsijVJQto-U0h8Jdqh5I1WL3PfGn9muCEcyUt1YpcwUiaPO3-tMqIL8QOR-_lMmboA6TFj-CC50fD79CuUnwTyMySjWTJBI00AJNP4KlZOTX7kXlAkZVLIj/s1600/tony-federico--head-shot_med.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizyTGRkMcpj1IDraKU1XtUKOsijVJQto-U0h8Jdqh5I1WL3PfGn9muCEcyUt1YpcwUiaPO3-tMqIL8QOR-_lMmboA6TFj-CC50fD79CuUnwTyMySjWTJBI00AJNP4KlZOTX7kXlAkZVLIj/s1600/tony-federico--head-shot_med.jpeg" height="320" width="213" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://eatdrinkjax.com/10-questions-about/paleo-diet.html">Photo Credit</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 15pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Show Notes</span></div>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/TonyFedFitness" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tony Federico’s Twitter</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.fitnessinanevolutionarydirection.com/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tony’s Website</span></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 15pt;">
<a href="http://paleomagonline.com/radio/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Paleo Magazine Radio</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Paleo-Grilling-Modern-Cavemans-Cooking/dp/1592336124/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1420899942&sr=8-1&keywords=Paleo+grilling" style="text-decoration: none;">Paleo Grilling</a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Christensenella</span></div>
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<li><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">'Science writer Ed Yong says the </span><a href="http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2014/11/06/the-most-heritable-gut-bacterium-is-wait-what-is-that-2/%20" style="line-height: 1.15; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Christensenellaceae bacteria might be a “keystone” </span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">species, “one that wields a disproportionate influence upon the world around it.”' Source: <a href="http://geneticliteracyproject.org/2014/11/11/why-do-we-gain-weight-or-remain-slim-genes-microbes-and-now-genes-for-microbes/">Genetic Literacy Project "</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.1; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://geneticliteracyproject.org/2014/11/11/why-do-we-gain-weight-or-remain-slim-genes-microbes-and-now-genes-for-microbes/">Why do we gain weight or remain slim? Genes, microbes and now genes for microbes</a>"</span></li>
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<li style="line-height: 1.15;"><a href="http://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674%2814%2901241-0.pdf" style="line-height: 1.15; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Human Genetics Shape the Gut Microbiome</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (Ley et al, Cell 2014)</span></li>
<ul style="line-height: 1.15;">
<li><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.15; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>Christensenellaceae </i>associates with a lean BMI</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.1; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>Christsenella </i>reduce weight gains in germ-free transplant experiments</span></li>
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<li><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 16.5px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tony Federico's</span></span></li>
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<li style="line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 16.5px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i style="line-height: 17.25px;">Christensenellaceae 4.35% (<i><span style="background-color: lime;">5-fold higher</span>; </i>ubiome avg=0.844%)</i></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="line-height: 17.25px;"><i><i style="line-height: 16.5px;">Christsenella 0.0224% (<span style="background-color: lime;">2-fold higher;</span> ubiome avg=0.0120%)</i></i></span><span style="line-height: 16.5px;">
</span></span></span></li>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/high-dose-potato-starch-can-make-you.html" style="text-decoration: none;">Dr. Grace’s warnings for using resistant starch</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/paleo-mag-hot-tony-federico-has.html?m=1" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">PALEO MAG TONY FEDERICO'S uBIOME HAS THE ANCESTRAL CORE MICROBIOTA IN ABUNDANCE; High Dose RAW Starch Appears to Suppress </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>Christensenella</i></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>Akkermansia</i></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, and </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>B longum </i></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gut Flora That Make Us LEAN (Part III)</span></a><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSp_eZvYCOUKrlma1cOGNzrAVVV-04_Q_2hWl_5FXwt6DivkpZ6UiK19-BXosoYF6IvL6PEVYMSVwna_c2w2whr3yySi1KMAkhFg44eYJOTtqkc50Yc83y1DeJR_5a5smJR14cREPjgQSw/s1600/Christensenella+mice.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSp_eZvYCOUKrlma1cOGNzrAVVV-04_Q_2hWl_5FXwt6DivkpZ6UiK19-BXosoYF6IvL6PEVYMSVwna_c2w2whr3yySi1KMAkhFg44eYJOTtqkc50Yc83y1DeJR_5a5smJR14cREPjgQSw/s1600/Christensenella+mice.png" height="293" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ley et al, Cell 2014</td></tr>
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Dr. B Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15451872961651116061noreply@blogger.com22tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6780103924890350442.post-64223608263018313662014-12-24T11:19:00.000-08:002015-03-09T11:05:55.179-07:00High Dose Potato Starch Can Make You Fatter, Insulin Resistant By Lowering GLP-1 AND ESPECIALLY If You Are Missing Bifidobacteria longum and Akkermansia mucinophila, aka SAD Microbial Fingerprint (Part V) NSFW<span style="background-color: white;">Part I: <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/11/bifidobacteria-longum-roseburia-f.html">Bifidobacteria longum, Roseburia, F. prausnitzii (and Akkermansia) Made Us Human (NONE OF THESE EAT RAW POTATO STARCH) NSFW</a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Part II: <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/11/hadza-guts-have-ancestral-core.html?m=1">HADZA GUTS HAVE THE ANCESTRAL CORE MICROBIOTA IN ABUNDANCE; High Dose RAW Starch Can Suppress Bifidobacteria, Roseburia, F. prausnitzii That Make Us Human </a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Part III: <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/paleo-mag-hot-tony-federico-has.html?m=1">PALEO MAG HOT TONY FEDERICO HAS THE ANCESTRAL CORE MICROBIOTA IN ABUNDANCE; Citizen Science; Cautions with RPS-RUMPS; High Dose RAW Starch Appears to Suppress Christensenella, Akkermansia, and B longum That Make Us LEAN </a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Part IV: <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/high-dose-potato-starch-can-make-you_22.html">High Dose Potato Starch Can Make You Fatter, Insulin Resistant, Feed Vipers in Your UPPER GUT If You Are MISSING Bifidobacteria longum and Akkermansia mucinophila, aka SAD Microbial Fingerprint NSFW</a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Part V: <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/high-dose-potato-starch-can-make-you.html">High Dose Potato Starch Can Make You Fatter, Insulin Resistant By Lowering GLP-1 AND ESPECIALLY If You Are Missing Bifidobacteria longum and Akkermansia mucinophila, aka SAD Microbial Fingerprint NSFW</a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><u><br />
</u></b></span> <span style="background-color: white;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><u>Intrepid gut explorer. Gut Tests Show Depletions of Akkermansia After Long Use of RUMPS, Which Appears to Correlate With Recent Bout 10 Lb Fat Gain/High Blood Sugars/Gout/Fatty Liver:</u> </b></span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: white;">I love Tim S. and his intrepid gut testing. </span><span style="background-color: white;">Several weeks ago, all the contents for this series and the past series (Parts 1-5) were run by and approved by Tim to discuss publicly. I brought up my </span><span style="background-color: white;">observations and concerns very early on. He gave his approval to discuss all my concerns, precautions and problems for adverse effects generated by high dosage RS2 including concern for his </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">liver, his high liver tests, SIBO/upper gut dysfunction, recent bout of 10 lb weight gain, gout, and fatty liver/NASH in June 2014</span><span style="background-color: white;">, depletions of gut guardians including Akkermansia, and possible connections to the gut obesity fingerprint that is created with high dosage raw potato starch/RS2, the studies, the other N=1s, etc. He's the only person I know how has taken potato starch for over 1.5 years and his gut profiles are known with major depletions of vital <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v518/n7540_supp/full/518S3a.html">'Peacekeepers'</a> (Faecalibacterium prausnitzii) and other immunoprotective species. </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Human and animal studies depletions of these gut species predispose to the conditions he developed: carbohydrate sensitivity, fat gain, fatty liver/NASH. Gut researchers have concluded that RS2 (type 2, raw; not cooked RS3) are not prebiotics and do not translate to humans. Metabolic function worsens in human randomized controlled trials.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white;"></span><span style="background-color: white;">He is a bold citizen of science and declined the three times that I asked him if he wanted me to omit his data and carbohydrate/fruit related fatty liver/NASH. His liver tests are better. One month ago, his liver test was still 35 and recently he reported it's now 15. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;">He said "Grace has been privy to all of my gut tests, labs, and health concerns as a friend, not a doctor. I gave her express permission to discuss them how she sees fit. I think that this information needs to be shared freely. If I had a problem with any of this, Grace would be the first to know. I don't have a problem with her discussing me or my experiments. They are out there for everyone to see and interpret as they wish."</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;">How does the gut microbiota and what we feed it affect our health?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Why does diet and dietary additions like supplements change in the composition and function of the gut?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">How does loss of diversity with a high dosage of a single source of 'fiber' adversely affect health?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"></span> <span style="background-color: white;"><b><u><br />
</u></b> <b><u>HIGH DOSAGE RAW STARCHES INCREASES BODY FAT IN T2 DIABETES SUBJECTS</u></b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://www.endocrineconnections.com/content/3/2/75.long">Bodinham et al 2014</a>. Let's review. High dosage 40 g/day RS2 (high amylose maize) for 12 weeks increased resistance (HOMA) and lowered the fat-burning gut hormone known as GLP1. Post prandially, HAM-RS2 made a tiny spike in GLP1 however longterm it decreased by 33% compared with the control arm (p=0.0049). The drop in the gut hormone GLP1 was quite significant and was one of the few parameters that met statistically significance in this study. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">Optimal gut health is supposed to yield better fat burning, leanness and metabolic improvements, no? Not high dosage RS2 it appears. Why?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;">I have low gut diversity like most people and for me each time high dose RPS caused problems; it halted fat loss besides giving me reflux and GERD when I took it for over 4weeks. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">Results <a href="http://www.endocrineconnections.com/content/3/2/75/T1.expansion.html">Tab 1</a>:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">--increased fasting TG (p=0.039)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">--increased LDL cholesterol</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">--increased HOMA% (aka insulin resistance) wtf??!</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #ea9999;">--~35.2% increased pancreas fat wtf? (13.7 v. 10.5, NS)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">(Body fat depots determined by MRS scanning (n=14).) </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #ea9999;">--increased fat mass (32.2 kg v 31.8 kg)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #ea9999;">--increased BMI</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #ea9999;">--increased weight</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #ea9999;">--reduced GLP1 (11.4 v. 17.0, p=0.049)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">--increased IL6 (but lower TNFa)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">--lower butyrate (p<b> less than</b> 0.001) </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">--lower propionate (p = 0.021)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">--no improvements in glucose, insulin, Hgba1c</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <b><u style="background-color: white;">GLP-1 (the Gut-Fatness Hamster Connection)</u></b><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">In the Bodinham et al 2014 study, GLP1 was found to significantly decrease by 33% (p=0.049). The well controlled subjects with T2 diabetes also gained on average about a pound of fat in 12 wks compared with the controls. Apparently the researchers examined the fat depots and body fat and found that pancreas fat increased 35.2% on average. Fatty pancreas. Is this synonymous to fatty liver and NASH/NAFLD? </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">The authors don't clarify or discuss but it is. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white;">The results were unpredicted but if we understand how the gut hormones GLP1 and microbial fingerprint became 'worse' on a high dosage non-ancestral 'fiber' and diversity was compromised, then it makes sense. Though the stool butyrate decreased, it is obvious there was butyrate in the colon because glucose handling improved a tiny bit. Insulin resistance however tanked as shown by various indicators: increased TG (p=0.039), increased LDL-chol, increased BMI and body fat, and lastly increased HOMA at both the pancreatic beta cells and traditional measurements. Hgba1c and blood sugars didn't change or improve at all, as the researchers were hoping for. They talk nothing at all about the gut microbiota. Their other study showed the same metabolic disruptions with high dosage RS2.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span><span style="background-color: white;">The same thing and worse trends were seen in overweight subjects with high dosage 40 grams daily of HAM-RS2: <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0040834">Bodinham et al 2012</a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0040834.t001&representation=PNG_M">Table 1</a>:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">--increased TG</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #ea9999;">
--increased body fat (Tanita bioimpedance scales, 28.1% v. 27.8%, NS)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #ea9999;">--increased systolic BP (wtf)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #ea9999;">--increased diastolic BP (wtf)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #ea9999;">--boatload of insulin increased with 40 g HAM-RS2 acute dosing</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">--increased fasting insulin (88.6 v. 85.4 pmol/L, NS) wtf</span><br />
<br />
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;">Fasting glucose this time decreased but that is because all the spikes in post-prandial insulin is shoving all the glucose into adipose cells now and making them fatty which is clear by the increased TG and higher insulin-related consequences: higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures. wtf. I bet it lowered GLP1 where it is already low and lame in overweight and T2 diabetes subjects. </span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span><span style="background-color: white;">What is GLP1? </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;">I love GLP-1. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;">It helps us to burn and remodel fat. "Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), a gut-derived peptide, has been reported to have profound effects on metabolism and to reduce insulin resistance (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23588664">Yang et al 2013</a>)." High protein diets <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23666746">raise GLP-1</a> and satiating PYY gut hormones to cause nice fat burning. It appears that high dosage raw starches causes a downward trend of this fat-burning molecule. Ruh-OH. This time it does not depend on either the pre-existing gut or what human gut symbions are missing. It happens in healthy human subjects in several trials so far. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">Both GLP-1 and GLP-2 are vital for the gut. They seal and heal the gut barrier and much much much more. A healthier barrier leads to healthier leanness and body fat composition because inflammation is reduced.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">So test your gut, fix your flora and consider the fibers that are (a) ancestral and (b) burn fat by improving metabolic gut pathways and hormones, not potentially worsen them.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><u>RAW STARCH RS2 LOWERS GLP-1 IN HUMAN TRIALS (BUT OF COURSE NOT RODENT ONES)</u></b><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white;">The biggest problems I've had with RS2 #HAMSTERFOOD is the lack of translation from hamster studies to human. Like statins, RS2 looks beautiful on paper until you dig deeper... look at the downstream consequences... see what it disturbs or benefits. RS2 definitely helps colon butyrate, but what does it do for the upper gut where there is no butyrate? Can it disturb the upper gut flora? How does lowering B longum and Akkermansia affect the host? Does it increase intestinal permeability and inflammation if they are not present? </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">Raw starch RS2 (and artificially produced RS4) in several human studies is associated <i><b>significant reductions</b></i> in GLP-1 or lack of improvements (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23136915">here</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23179201">here</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23507477">here</a>). </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">But... not in many <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17030963">rodents</a>............ Boy rodents low raw starches and so do their guts. What about humans? </span><span style="background-color: white;">Ruh-OH? Lost in gut translation from hamster to humans? Vastly different gut flora? </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">Bodinham et al 2014 may appear confused but I don't think so; the authors wrote: </span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="background-color: white;">"</span><span style="background-color: yellow;">Animal </span><span style="background-color: white;">studies have consistently shown that RS improves glucose and insulin metabolism through increased postprandial GLP1 secretion due to stimulation of the colonic enteroendocrine cells (8, 9). This can result in improved insulin secretion. Most recently our own data has shown restored first-phase insulin secretion in metabolic syndrome (10); </span><b style="background-color: yellow;">however, the lack of translational work has recently been highlighted (11)</b><span style="background-color: white;">."</span></i></blockquote>
<span style="background-color: white;">Yesssiree. We are humans, not hamsters. <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/11/bifidobacteria-longum-roseburia-f.html">So are our special human gut flora that made us big brained and brilliant fat-burning machines </a>. Our human gut flora eat cooked starches and the whole spectrum fiber. These researchers can see the contradictions, no? As a fiber, high dose RS2 fails to induce fat loss (it appears to raise it) and fails to improve glycemic control and Hgba1c (it in fact worsens fasting insulin and HOMA). On paper, in rodents, high dose RS2 looks decent. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;">(not unlike rabbits + low cholesterol diets + human omnivorous/carnivorous heart disease = animal pharm fallacy)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;">How and why did this poor metabolic outcome occur? </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Why did raw potato starch and a 'good gut biome' not prevent it? </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Does high dosage potato starch incur a gut profile that is inherently more vulnerable to GERD, reflux, chronic inflammation, and fatty liver/NASH? </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">When high dosage potato starch lowers diversity and Akermansia, Bifidobacteria longum and Christensenella, what are the effects for the host?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">
</span> <span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;"><b><u>HUMAN FOOD IMPROVES AND RAISES GLP1</u></b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">Cooked <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23577078">whole beans</a> and beta-glucan/arabinoxylan/RS3-inulin-containing cooked barley (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18356328">here</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23577719">here</a>) raise GLP-1 in human trials. <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/07/legumes-and-potatoes-are-certainly-p-l.html">Don't worry, legumes and small seed grains are certainly paleo for many</a>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span><span style="background-color: white;">Non-starchy roots/plants like agave, Jerusalem artichokes/sunchokes, yucca, yacon, endive, and dandelion roots are rich in a special immunoprotective fiber similar to breastmilk (inulin-like oligosaccharides). Inulin-type prebiotics significantly improve GLP-2 in human studies (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23244539">here</a>). Green vegetables also have small but additive amounts of inulin-oligosaccharides. Inulin is the 2nd most dominant fiber on earth, next to <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2013/11/how-to-cure-sibo-small-intestinal-bowel_13.html">starches</a>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;">What's GLP2? GLP-2 is GLP-1's gut hormone cousin and shown to seal the gut, fix intestinal permeability and lower inflammation.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">Why are GLP-1 and GLP-2 important? Because the right fiber and combo of fiber modulates and maximizes these gut hormones which basically control our health, body fat storage mechanisms and fat burning metabolism. </span><br />
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23886976" ref="ordinalpos=1&ncbi_uid=23886976&link_uid=23886976&linksrc=docsum_title" style="background-color: white; color: #642a8f; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; line-height: 15.9550228118896px;">Gut microbiota controls adipose tissue expansion, gut barrier and glucose metabolism: novel insights into molecular targets and interventions using prebiotics.</a> Geurts et al 2014. (MUST READ lol)</li>
</ul>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk6mTG8q3I5U6WZI8oB0592p9AaD3VqTsCdMTOEmIr2RyByKHmZB1mW0SRPY5xucc9BIu6bhNjrpSRGBe1I2Spf5W5lJUfxYaZixFYbOzZ15FostFhnH2L6GBdj09jekJXmtfg3O3eZykC/s1600/HAY+AND+HUNNAM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk6mTG8q3I5U6WZI8oB0592p9AaD3VqTsCdMTOEmIr2RyByKHmZB1mW0SRPY5xucc9BIu6bhNjrpSRGBe1I2Spf5W5lJUfxYaZixFYbOzZ15FostFhnH2L6GBdj09jekJXmtfg3O3eZykC/s1600/HAY+AND+HUNNAM.png" height="320" width="306" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://media1.popsugar-assets.com/files/2014/11/11/800/n/1922398/fb24315149ca7830_Screen_Shot_2014-11-11_at_10.11.31_AMFOhHlV.xxxlarge/i/Charlie-Hunnam-Men-Health-December-2014-Pictures.jpg">Popsugahhhh</a><br />
GLP-1: Studs and Science<br />
Hamster or Fat Burning Studly Ham?</td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <b><u style="background-color: white;">VIPER IN SICK GUTS: RPS-RUMPS FFEDS Escherichia coli, an Alcohol Producing Gut Flora</u></b><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span><span style="background-color: white;">Another problem with high dosage RS2 is what are you feeding and what is one potentially losing? Is RS2 an 'anti-prebiotic' meaning does it substantially lower beneficial gut flora that protect and maintain our health and leanness? Does potato-starch-induced reduction or <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/paleo-mag-hot-tony-federico-has.html?m=1">extinction of beneficial flora such as Christensenella, Akkermansia and human-specific Bifidobacteria longum</a> have certain health consequences? I believe so, all the above.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">E coli is part of the Proteobacteria clade which are overgrowing in several disease microbial fingerprints. We have good non-pathogenic E coli and 'bad toxic' adhesive E coli. After antibiotics, more of the 'bad toxic' and adhesive, pathogenic E coli are selected. An example of good E coli is the European Nissle 1917 E coli strain. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">Several gut flora produce alcohol -- yeasts, E coli, Clostridium asparagiforme (XIVa), Dorea longicatena (XIVa), to name a few (<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02129.x/pdf">Duncan, Louis, Flint 2007</a>). The XIVa are part of </span><span style="background-color: white;">Lachnospiraceae. </span><span style="background-color: white;">These are versatile fermenters and eat both raw and cooked starches. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">Clostridium and E coli are rapid fermenters of both raw and cooked starches, therefore if they are overgrowing in the upper gut or with triggers (holiday binge-eating, sweets, lack of sleep, etc lol) AND there is a depletion of the gut guardians -- what can happen? They will overgrow in the upper gut and produce more alcohol than the body can handle. The alcohol can harden your arteries, pancreas, liver and the brain, and make them appear 'fatty'.</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: white;"><i>"<u style="font-weight: bold;">Ethanol and acetaldehyde:</u> </i><i>Microorganisms in the small intestine have the </i><i>capacity to endogenously produce ethanol which </i><i>enters the bloodstream and is metabolized in the</i><i>liver (reviewed in [73]). Indeed, microbial synthesis </i><i>of ethanol is elevated in obese mice and may play a</i><i>role in the pathogenesis of fatty liver disease [74].</i><i>In turn, consumption of ethanol can promote </i><i>bacterial intestinal overgrowth and has the potential</i><i>to alter the composition of the microbiota with an </i><i>attendant increase in Proteobacteria [73]. Ethanol is </i><i>proposed to disrupt the barrier integrity of the small </i><i>intestine, and healthy human volunteers exhibit a </i><i>transient increase in duodenal permeability following </i><i>the consumption of alcohol [73,75] with a </i><i>likely influence upon epithelial tight junctions</i><i>[73].Microorganisms of the intestine can metabolize </i><i>ethanol to acetaldehyde through alcohol dehydrogenase</i><i>(ADH) activity [73]. Acetaldehyde has been </i><i>shown to significantly disrupt cellular junctions, </i><i>E-cadherin and to induce profound rearrangement s</i><i>of actin [76,77]. Certainly, current data suggest a</i><i>role for the microbiota both in the production </i><i>and metabolism of ethanol in the small intestine</i><i>with a potential impact upon gastrointestinal </i><i>permeability." (Joyce, Gahan 2014)</i></span></blockquote>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">What raises or lowers pathogenic E coli?</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><b><u>RPS (raw potato starch) may raise E coli</u></b>, including the toxic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterotoxigenic_Escherichia_coli">ETEC strain</a> (travelers' diarrhea), adhesive-invasive E coli (found in gut infections and IBD), and pathogenic E coli often found in urinary tract infections. In the pigs receiving a diet of 14% raw potato starch (RPS), substantial log growth increases of toxic ETEC E coli in every portion of the pig gut (small intestines/ileum; colon and feces) were observed compared with control and probiotic-fed pigs. Probiotic-fed pigs had dramatically less ETEC E coli in all parts of the GI tract. See below Krause et al 2010. The K88 probiotic had activity against pathogenic E coli and specially selected growths of non-pathogenic 'good', protective E coli (see green box, below).</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><b><u>Probiotic</u>s and the beneficial flora/guardians in our upper gut </b>work to dramatically lower toxic E coli in every part of the gut (see below green box), particularly the upper gut, aka small intestines (ILEUM) which is the heart of the control center for the immune system -- <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2013/11/how-to-cure-sibo-small-intestinal-bowel.html">see step #3</a> on soil and bifido probiotics. (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((pathogenic%20e%20coli)%20AND%20probiotics)%20AND%20human%5BMeSH%20Terms%5D">Pubmed</a>) Probiotics like <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23443951">LABs (bifido, lacto)</a> and Akkermansia produce lactic and acetic acids, respectively, which are strongly antimicrobial and antifungal. Soil probiotics (including E coli), LABs, Bifidobacteria longum and Akkermansia line our gut mucosa from where the stomach begins to the end of the rectum and protect the entire gut and modify immunity.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><b><u>Prebiotics</u> alone </b>work too to lower toxic E coli. Every prebiotic appears to work, EXCEPT RAW POTATO STARCH (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=(prebiotic)%20AND%20e%20coli">Pubmed</a>). </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><b><u>Avoid RPS if there is too much pathogenic E coli.</u></b> Raw potato starch is a prebiotic for pathogenic E coli. This Russian researcher states RPS are 'prebiotics for E coli <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17089565">(Ivchenko et al 2006</a>).' (the good and the bad strains).</span></li>
</ul>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg77NfI0jWc1N28ni-w9WvPUmBTWnFcGCXhg1cLMBYR0Wlqc1OPlrD95hv8-qApi3zZteCMsUqq_vy_k3MWbuTYVbks8yxbEugM0BYkSLWPTt2hVIXp3b8HpL0M0Ggpy2IG9e8xkT6JFaS9/s1600/Nursery+pigs+eradicate+toxic+E+coli+on+probiotics.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg77NfI0jWc1N28ni-w9WvPUmBTWnFcGCXhg1cLMBYR0Wlqc1OPlrD95hv8-qApi3zZteCMsUqq_vy_k3MWbuTYVbks8yxbEugM0BYkSLWPTt2hVIXp3b8HpL0M0Ggpy2IG9e8xkT6JFaS9/s1600/Nursery+pigs+eradicate+toxic+E+coli+on+probiotics.png" height="320" width="248" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://aem.asm.org/content/76/24/8192.full" style="background-color: white;">Krause et al 2010</a><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">HEART OF IMMUNITY = SMALL INTESTINES</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Higher Toxic ETEC E coli in Raw Potato Starch Alone Arm</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">v. Controls and </span><span style="background-color: white;">v. Probiotics</span></td></tr>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;"><b><u>Intrepid gut explorer. Gut Tests Show Depletions of Akkermansia After Long Use of RUMPS, Which Appears to Correlate With Recent Bout 10 Lb Fat Gain/High Blood Sugars/Gout/Fatty Liver:</u> </b></span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: white;">I love Tim S. and his intrepid gut testing. </span><span style="background-color: white;">Several weeks ago, all the contents for this series and the past series (Parts 1-5) were run by and approved by Tim to discuss publicly. I brought up my </span><span style="background-color: white;">observations and concerns very early on. He gave his approval to discuss all my concerns, precautions and problems for adverse effects generated by high dosage RS2 including concern for his liver, his high liver tests, SIBO/upper gut dysfunction, recent bout of fatty liver/NASH in June 2014, depletions of gut guardians including Akkermansia, and possible connections to the gut obesity fingerprint that is created with high dosage raw potato starch/RS2, the studies, the other N=1s, etc.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white;"></span> <span style="background-color: white;">He is a bold citizen of science and declined the three times that I asked him if he wanted me to omit his data and fatty liver/NASH. His liver tests are better. One month ago, his liver test was still 35 and recently he reported it's now 15. He said "Grace has been privy to all of my gut tests, labs, and health concerns as a friend, not a doctor. I gave her express permission to discuss them how she sees fit. I think that this information needs to be shared freely. If I had a problem with any of this, Grace would be the first to know. I don't have a problem with her discussing me or my experiments. They are out there for everyone to see and interpret as they wish."</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span><span style="background-color: white;"><b>My potato-starch induced GERD With RUMPS</b>: Recently I had GERD/reflux after several weeks of 20-40 grams RPS, raw potato starch. Several other people have reported this too. I was previously using Version B (inulin + acacia) and psyllium and had fantastic gut results such as the best flattest tummy in 7 to 8 years and improved digestion and gut health. I gave the RPS one last try and initially no problems that I had had earlier (immunosuppression). </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">Tim S. had also had GERD last winter on sedentary days and didn't think much of it until I had reflux myself. In the past, I've never had reflux except a couple times after drinking pots of coffee or when I was pregnant in the 3rd trimester. Reflux was super annoying but fortunately went away with resuming probiotics (bifido/lacto and soil) and taking some gut support (ACV, enzymes, etc) temporarily. Besides RPS, I think no B longum was a factor; I had stopped the B longum supplements several months earlier and never resumed. Stress from moving from Shanghai back to USA likely lowered the bifido and lacto more than I had thought. Potato starch lowers the populations of non-starch eating bifido which make up huge portions of our fecal and mucosa-associated bifido microbiota (<a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/paleo-mag-hot-tony-federico-has.html?m=1">see prior post</a>).</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;">In healthy controls, Bifidobacteria longum is a gut specialist and found in the majority:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><i style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20.5920009613037px;"><b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">B longum 43.5%</span></b></i><br style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20.5920009613037px;" /><i style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20.5920009613037px;"><b>B pseudocatenulatum 8%</b></i><br style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20.5920009613037px;" /><i style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20.5920009613037px;"><b>B bifidum 6%</b></i><br style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20.5920009613037px;" /><i style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20.5920009613037px;"><b>B dentium 1.5%</b></i></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">Recently what made me rethink the downstream effects of high dosage potato starch was how Tim S. had a bout of fatty liver again this past summer, after over one year and a half on high dosage potato starch -- high liver functions tests, tender and painful liver on touching, gained body fat and took several months for the ALT, AST to reduce to normal again. </span><br />
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<b><u style="background-color: white;">Fatty Liver/NASH = COMBINATION Alcohol-Producing Gut Flora + Akkermansia Depletion</u></b></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">Several studies now show a unique microbial fingerprint for GERD, NASH/fatty liver and several other chronic conditions.</span><br />
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</span> <span style="background-color: white;">GERD/reflux (me):</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"> high colon bugs in the stomach and uppergut</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"> low human bifido/lacto (I was taking prebiotics, but had stopped B longum probiotics)</span></li>
</ul>
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</span> <span style="background-color: white;">NASH/Fatty liver</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">high E coli (produce alcohol)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">high starch eating Enterobacter (produce alcohol and endotoxins)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">high Roseburia/XIVa (Lachnospiraceae) (some are alcohol producing)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">high yeasts, Candida (produce alcohol)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">low human bifido</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">low B longum (high dose RPS may lower B longum, favoring starch-eating-bifido)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">low Akkermansia (high dose RPS may lower Akk)</span></li>
</ul>
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</span> <span style="background-color: white;">Obesity/diabetes/<a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/10/dont-take-raw-potato-starch-rps.html">autoimmunity</a> (most of American and industrialized nations): </span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">high starch-eaters including E coli, yeasts/Candida, etc</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">low human bifido</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">low B longum (high dose RPS may lower B longum, favoring starch-eating-bifido)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">low Roseburia/XIVa (<a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/11/hadza-guts-have-ancestral-core.html?m=1">high dose RPS lower, fail to sustain Roseburia in low carb diets</a>)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">low F. prausnitzii/IV (high dose RPS may lower)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">low Akkermansia (high dose RPS may lower Akk)</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><u>RPS (RAW POTATO STARCH) = BLOCKER OF FAT BURNING?</u></b></span><br />
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</span> <span style="background-color: white;">After several citizen science N=1 experiments, we can observe now how high dosage potato starch may re-inforce these 'chronic illness' gut profiles by its anti-prebiotic effects where it lowers beneficial flora in the gut that are integral and vital for protecting the upper gut from pathogens like E coli and other alcohol producers, increases leanness, GLP1, revving up fat burning and carbohydrate metabolism:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">--Christensenella </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">--Bifidobacteria longum </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">--Akkermansia (see prior post: <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/paleo-mag-hot-tony-federico-has.html?m=1">high dosage raw potato starch tanks Akkermansia</a>)</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">In human studies, several studies show that prebiotics (GOS, FOS, inulin) reverse NASH/fatty liver and lower liver function tests by raising Akk and B longum (and GLP-1 and GLP-2). Probiotics that contain bifido work also.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23454028" ref="ordinalpos=2&ncbi_uid=23454028&link_uid=23454028&linksrc=docsum_title" style="color: #642a8f; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; line-height: 15.9550228118896px;">Fecal microbiome and volatile organic compound metabolome in obese humans with nonalcoholic <b>fatty liver</b> disease.</a> </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23203768" ref="ordinalpos=3&ncbi_uid=23203768&link_uid=23203768&linksrc=docsum_title" style="color: #642a8f; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; line-height: 15.9550228118896px;">Prebiotic approach alleviates hepatic steatosis: implication of <b>fatty</b>acid oxidative and cholesterol synthesis pathways.</a> [not potato starch/RS2]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25152979" ref="ordinalpos=13&ncbi_uid=25152979&link_uid=25152979&linksrc=docsum_title" style="color: #642a8f; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; line-height: 15.9550228118896px;">Probiotics and synbiotics may improve <b>liver</b> aminotransferases levels in non-alcoholic fatty <b>liver</b> disease patients.</a> [not potato starch/RS2]</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="background-color: white;">What is curious to me is that scientists can restore and alleviate fatty livers and intestinal permeability by giving live probiotics of Akkermania to rodent models (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23671105">Everard et al 2013</a>). By giving prebiotics (FOS) to fatty liver/diabetes/obesity rodent models, reversal of all the hallmark biomarkers of these conditions rapidly occurs. Restoration and reversal of intestinal permeability happens, LPS decreases, metabolic endotoxemia reverses, inflammatory markers reduce, and insulin/blood sugars normalize. </span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i style="background-color: white;">"For instance, a decrease in Akkermansia muciniphila causes a thinner intestinal mucus layer and promotes gut permeability, which allows the leakage of bacterial components. Interventions to increase Akkermansia muciniphila improve the metabolic parameters in obesity and NAFLD. In children, the levels of Escherichia were significantly increased in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) compared with those in obese control. Escherichia can produce ethanol, which promotes gut permeability. Thus, normalization of gut microbiota using probiotics or prebiotics is a promising treatment option for NAFLD." (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24966608">Miura et al 2014</a>)</i></blockquote>
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</span> <span style="background-color: white;"><b><u>VERY DIFFERENT FROM HUMAN BODINHAM ET AL 2012 and 2014 STUDIES</u></b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;">Bodinham and other studies fail to account for the gut microbiota effects of the 'fiber' that they are studying and the metabolic consequences. That's too bad. We are what we eat and our health is determined by our gut microbiome. We can shift and shape this, and we and the researchers are doing it all the time now. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">In several human studies, body fat ('fat mass') and upper gut permeability significantly improve with FOS and inulin-type fructans. The obese subjects in the below trial were never diagnosed with fatty liver, but with intervention with inulin-FOS, weight, BMI, insulin resistance, butyrate, SCFA and LPS/endotoxemia (proxy for permeability) and other metabolic parameters all improved. Per personal communication with one of the researchers, as can be predicted, Akkermansia significantly increased in the below trial.</span><br />
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<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24969566" ref="ordinalpos=5&ncbi_uid=24969566&link_uid=24969566&linksrc=docsum_title" style="color: #642a8f; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; line-height: 15.9550228118896px;">Inulin-type fructans modulate intestinal Bifidobacterium species populations and decrease fecal short-chain fatty acids in <b>obese </b>women.</a> </span></li>
<li><a href="http://www.uclouvain.be/cps/ucl/doc/ir-ldri/images/SALAZAR2014.pdf" style="background-color: white;">Free PDF</a></li>
</ul>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><b style="background-color: white;">"The species Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum and Bifidobacterium adolescentis were significantly increased at the end of the treatment in the prebiotic group (p less than 0.01) with being B. longum negatively correlated with serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin (p less than 0.01). Total SCFA, acetate and propionate, that positively correlated with BMI, fasting insulinemia and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) (p less than 0.05), were significantly lower in prebiotic than in placebo group after the treatment period."</b></i></blockquote>
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</span><span style="background-color: white;"><b><u>FATTY LIVER REVERSAL WITH OLIGOSACCHARIDE-RICH YACON SYRUP</u></b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">Yacon is an ancestral non-starchy root. It can be boiled down and produce a nice syrup which has little energy for humans but fiber and prebiotics for our gut flora including Akkermansia and Bifidobacteria longum. Oligosaccharides in whole foods (see below) and yacon help boost the species lost by high-dosage-raw-potato-starch. The game-changers: Akkermansia and B longum specifically.</span><br />
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The Folz family experiment -- I briefly reviewed earlier <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/paleo-mag-hot-tony-federico-has.html?m=1">here</a>. Gut diversity dropped in each person on high dose potato starch -- particularly for the leanness building gut species.<br />
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<b id="docs-internal-guid-c1a17cb9-7dab-3b16-a7c5-00c04db78794" style="font-weight: normal;">Child 2 had the least Akkermansia, then high dose potato starch mowed it down to 24-times below normal. Not hard to rebuild: stop RPS, take Akk-building fiber/foods. </b><br />
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<span style="background-color: #d5a6bd; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1 TB RUMPS in water</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Akkermansia</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(psyllium, inulin-FOS, GOS, yacon, onions, leeks)</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1.2%</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">16.93</span></div>
<br /></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1.45</span></div>
<br /></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.24</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5-fold below normal</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.26</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">psyllium</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">buffered</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Little change</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.11</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11-fold below normal</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.05</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">24-fold below normal</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;">Tim S.'s Akkermansia and B longum on high dosage RPS. Mowed down? Never replenished? Risk factor for reflux or NASH/fatty liver? </span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;">
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="114"></col><col width="67"></col><col width="69"></col><col width="63"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gut Microbe</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Genus Level</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ANCESTRAL</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CORE</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">uBiome Healthy Subject</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Avg</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">N=1 TS</span></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">High Dose </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20-40g RS2 potato starch</span></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10-20g RS3</span></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">AMGUT</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">N=1 TS</span></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">WHOLE FOOD</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20-40g RS3</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10-20g inulin</span></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(no RPS but high doseage for 1.5 years earlier)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">uBiome</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Akkermansia</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1.2%</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.07</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">17-fold</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">below healthy avg</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.12</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10-fold</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">below healthy avg</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bifidobacteria</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(B.animalis)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B longum</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.89%</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(--)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.4-5%</span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">+</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11.32</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(--)</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8.81</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(7.90)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.0021</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">+estimated</span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><u>REVERSAL OF LIVER TESTS/FATTY LIVER WITH STOPPING RPS AND TAKING YACON</u></b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;">Recently <a href="https://twitter.com/recomphacks/status/540034582108983296">my buddy Justin</a> told me he stopped potato starch (no changes) after a few weeks, then took yacon syrup for 2months.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;">He was surprised to see his high liver tests (fatty liver) ALT improved from 50 to 26 and AST to as low as 23 (healthy optimal levels less than 15 (male); less than 12 (female). Thanks Justin!</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><a class="twitter-atreply pretty-link" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/Gut_Goddess" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0084b4; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; letter-spacing: 0.280000001192093px; line-height: 34px; text-decoration: none; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #66b5d2;">@</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.01em;">Gut_Goddess</span></a><span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; letter-spacing: 0.280000001192093px; line-height: 34px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> ALT 50--<b>></b>26, ALP 101-->66, AST--<b>></b>23. Getting there.</span><br />
</span><span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />
</span><span style="background-color: white;"> <b><u>CONCLUSION AND ACTIONS</u></b></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Test your gut species, don't guess (Genova, uBIOME, etc). Stop potato starch until verification of decent levels of Akkermansia, Bifidobacteria longum and other vital gut guardians.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Akkermansia and Bifidobacteria longum are gut game-changers and guardians</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Consider amplifying the gut guardian species associated with leanness and longevity for optimal health: B longum and Akkermansia by seeding (probiotics), weeding (probiotics, botanicals) and feeding.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Feed well (inulin, acacia, FOS, yacon, onions, leeks, sunchokes, GOS, psyllium, hemicellulose, cellulose, chitin-glucan (mushrooms), lignins, gums, beta glucan (oats), pectin, arabinoxylan, arabinogalactan, xylans, etc). See chart below.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Consider adding in foods and prebiotics that weed out pathogenic E coli and select good, beneficial E coli.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Everyone appears to have low B longum and Akkermansia which are risk factors for chronic inflammation according to new human gut microbiota. Studies show their replenishment yields many health benefits and control of inflammation and disease. If you don't have FODMAP intolerances, consider <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2013/11/how-to-cure-sibo-small-intestinal-bowel.html">both Version A and B of bionic fiber</a> in the 7 Steps to rebuild these. </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span id="docs-internal-guid-c1a17cb9-7d4f-74a8-0114-c7f74c45e3c3"><br />
</span> <br />
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;">
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="226"></col><col width="68"></col><col width="100"></col><col width="72"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Whole Real Food</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g = </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">~ ½ cup</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Inulin-Oligosaccharide Content</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">RS3 Content</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chicory root</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">41g </span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jerusalem artichoke</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">18g </span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dandelion greens</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13g </span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Onion (raw)</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4g </span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yacon syrup, 2 TBS</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2 TBS</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10-14g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Garlic (raw)</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">25g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3g </span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cowpea, White Lupin</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4g</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lentils, Chickpeas, Hummus</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2-4g</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pinto Beans (cooked/cooled)</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3g </span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10g</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Purple Potato (roasted/cooled)</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">na</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15-19g</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yams (boiled/cooled)</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">na</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6-8g</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Potato (boiled/cooled)</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">na</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3-7g</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rice (cooked/cooled)</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">na</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1-2g</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Long grain Rice (cooked/cool)</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">na</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2-3g</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sushi Rice (cooked/cool)</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">na</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3-4g</span></div>
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="96"></col><col width="134"></col><col width="105"></col><col width="105"></col></colgroup><tbody>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Leanness Related Gut Flora</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ff9900; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Depletions Associated with Human Clinical Disease</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Leanness Gut Flora, Prebiotics, and Human Studies</span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 1;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px;">Damaging Gut Effects of High Dose Raw RS2 </span><span style="line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Resistant Starch </span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(Potato Starch)</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">N=1s</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gut Diversity</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diseases are Associated with Low Gut Diversity</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Increases Diversity If Diverse Fibers</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Reduced by 10-36%</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--Folz family 10-20% loss of genera or phyla with RS2</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bifidobacteria longum</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=18661304" style="color: #cc6600; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Low or none found in babies with allergic colitis; healthy infants are enriched with B longum</span></a></div>
<br />
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=17941914" style="color: #cc6600; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Only infants of allergic, atopic mothers were colonized with B adolescentis; healthy babies colonized with B. longum. Healthy, disease-free mothers had high amounts of B. longum in breastmilk which was the most frequently detected species in milk</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B.longum and bifido depleted in chronic liver disease, fatty liver/NASH,</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=longum%20obesity" style="color: #cc6600; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">obesity</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, T2D </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19102766" style="color: #cc6600; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Total bifido and Bifidobacteria longum depleted in celiac patients compared with disease-free healthy subjects</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21901256" style="color: #cc6600; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B.longum with FOS improves fatty liver/NASH and elevated liver tests</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25244414" style="color: #cc6600; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B longum probiotic with other bifido/lacto strains administered to chronic liver patients: GI symptoms improved and SIBO disappeared in 24% v. none in controls</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">suppression of</span><a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/high-dose-potato-starch-can-make-you.html" style="color: #cc6600; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bifidobacteria longum</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--often undetectable</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--depletions of 100-fold to 2000-fold for relative bifido typically for potato starch</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--B.animalis or B. adolescentis majority colonizer</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Akkermansia</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Depleted in metabolic disorders and gut conditions:</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23671105" style="color: #cc6600; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">diabetes, obesity, fatty liver/NASH</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">,</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23768552" style="color: #cc6600; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">IBD, IBS</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“A. muciniphila is important for a healthy host as its decreased abundance is associated with compromised health including acute appendicitis, ulcerative colitis, autism and atopic diseases. Finally, the abundance of A. muciniphila is inversely correlated with obesity ...plays a pivotal role in obesity as its duodenal delivery regulates fat-mass gain, metabolic endotoxemia, adipose tissue inflammation, and insulin resistance”</span><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/1574-6976.12075/asset/fmr12075.pdf?v=1&t=i59vfd2g&s=6b7087d92120cbae19cbd05516501c3c2511e85e" style="color: #cc6600; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Source</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24966608" style="color: #cc6600; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Interventions to increase Akkermansia muciniphila improve the metabolic parameters in obesity and NAFLD</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">reductions in</span><a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/high-dose-potato-starch-can-make-you.html" style="color: #cc6600; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Akkermansia</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-- 2-fold to 17-fold depletions from normal</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25037189" style="color: #cc6600; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Depleted in ulcerative colitis and resistant starch no benefit in human trial</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Christensenella</span></div>
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1574-6976.12075/abstract" style="color: #cc6600; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20-fold depletion in inflammatory bowel disease</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/1574-6976.12075/asset/fmr12075.pdf?v=1&t=i59vfd2g&s=6b7087d92120cbae19cbd05516501c3c2511e85e" style="color: #cc6600; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5-fold depletion in post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome</span></a></div>
<br />
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<a href="http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2014/11/06/the-most-heritable-gut-bacterium-is-wait-what-is-that-2/%20" style="color: #cc6600; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Christensenellaceae bacteria might be a “keystone”</span></a><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">species, “one that wields a disproportionate influence upon the world around it.”'</span></div>
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<a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/paleo-mag-hot-tony-federico-has.html" style="color: #cc6600; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tony Federico</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-- 2-fold enrichment of </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>Christensenella</i></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> with high fiber, non-starchy tubers and vegetables</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-- 5-fold enrichment compared with controls of family </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>Christensenellaceae</i></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">reductions in</span><a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/paleo-mag-hot-tony-federico-has.html" style="color: #cc6600; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Christensenella</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--2.5 to 10+ times depleted below controls</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--Stopping raw potato starch increases </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>Christensenella</i></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> from undetectable to detectable levels</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-- 4-fold decreases in family </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>Christensenelleae</i></span></div>
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Dr. B Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15451872961651116061noreply@blogger.com52tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6780103924890350442.post-23221153126061955442014-12-22T09:05:00.002-08:002015-03-26T08:39:40.803-07:00High Dose Potato Starch Can Make You Fatter, Insulin Resistant, Feed Vipers in Your UPPER GUT If You Are MISSING Bifidobacteria longum and Akkermansia mucinophila, aka SAD Microbial Fingerprint (Part IV) NSFW<span style="background-color: white;">Part I: <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/11/bifidobacteria-longum-roseburia-f.html">Bifidobacteria longum, Roseburia, F. prausnitzii (and Akkermansia) Made Us Human (NONE OF THESE EAT RAW POTATO STARCH) NSFW</a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Part II: <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/11/hadza-guts-have-ancestral-core.html?m=1">HADZA GUTS HAVE THE ANCESTRAL CORE MICROBIOTA IN ABUNDANCE; High Dose RAW Starch Can Suppress Bifidobacteria, Roseburia, F. prausnitzii That Make Us Human </a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Part III: <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/paleo-mag-hot-tony-federico-has.html?m=1">PALEO MAG HOT TONY FEDERICO HAS THE ANCESTRAL CORE MICROBIOTA IN ABUNDANCE; Citizen Science; Cautions with RPS-RUMPS; High Dose RAW Starch Appears to Suppress Christensenella, Akkermansia, and B longum That Make Us LEAN </a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Part IV: <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/high-dose-potato-starch-can-make-you_22.html">High Dose Potato Starch Can Make You Fatter, Insulin Resistant, Feed Vipers in Your UPPER GUT If You Are MISSING Bifidobacteria longum and Akkermansia mucinophila, aka SAD Microbial Fingerprint NSFW</a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'PT Sans Caption';">Part V: </span><a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/high-dose-potato-starch-can-make-you.html" style="color: #cc6600; font-family: 'PT Sans Caption'; text-decoration: none;">High Dose Potato Starch Can Make You Fatter, Insulin Resistant By Lowering GLP-1 AND ESPECIALLY If You Are Missing Bifidobacteria longum and Akkermansia mucinophila, aka SAD Microbial Fingerprint NSFW</a><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">IF VIPERS IN SMALL INTESTINES</span><span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 27px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Raw RS2</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 19px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cooked RS3,</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 19px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Starches</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Klebsiella</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bacteroides-Prevotella</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bacteroides</span><span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>E. coli</i>, Other starch eaters </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Y</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Y</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Y</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Y</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Y</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Y</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Y</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Y</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><u><br />
</u></b> <b><u><br />
</u></b> <b><u>VIPERS IN THE UPPER GUT (SIBO/SIFO)</u></b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">Early on, very few of the studies on RS2 showed fat loss, weight loss or significant metabolic improvements in any human trials I saw. No improvements in diabetes, insulin resistance, blood pressures, or blood cholesterol panels (triglycerides, HDL or LDL-cholesterols). This deep lack metabolic benefits for humans deviated from decades of studies using other types fiber and prebiotics (eg inulin, FOS, <a href="http://caloriesproper.com/?s=gos">GOS</a>, psyllium, beta glucan, etc). RS2 produced butyrate, but nearly all fiber and prebiotics produce butyrate. Gram for gram GOS, FOS-inulin and (pure) RS3 produce more butyrate than RS2. Beyond butyrate in the lower gut (colon), what benefits were there for RS2? Very few I found. And there is a cost -- RS2 at high doses compromises gut diversity and specifically the species that make us human and lean, fat-burning machines: <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/paleo-mag-hot-tony-federico-has.html?m=1">Christensenella, Bifidobacteria longum, and AKKERMANSIA</a>. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">If there was fat loss or insulin improvements observed in animal studies with RPS or HAM-RS2, then the authors had poor study design -- they had substituted starch (digestible carbs) with RS2. In other words, they ran a VLC or LC (low carb) study, and we all know cutting refined rat chow carbohydrates will produce metabolic improvements, and often dramatic ones.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">When bifidobacteria and other guardians in the upper gut are removed by antibiotics, stress, high sugar diets and lack of vertical transmission from mom, the environment in the upper gut becomes vulnerable to opportunistic flora such as the organisms from the lower gut. They crawl up uninhibited. If acid, bile or the stomach's protein degraders (pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin) and pancreatic enzymes become compromised in secretion, they crawl up faster and more furious. If these vipers consume potato starch or RS2 or high amylose maize, they will enjoy ultra fermenting this substrate and can create silent and insidious havoc in the intestines, particularly if the gut guardians are gone (Akk, B longum, lactobacilli, etc).</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">There is a false 'myth', untruth pseudoscience that potato starch granules will 'carry' pathogenic bacteria away perpetuated on the internet. Few vipers in the uppergut are 'carried away' from what I observe. Potato starch and raw starches ferments furiously and fervently where it lands. Worse, potato starch 'removes' the potent guardians of the uppergut, leaving the uppergut vulnerable to infections, E coli, fungi/candida and other potential commensals-turned-vipers and the vipers themselves.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">What protects vipers from migrating to the uppergut? How to get rid of the vipers?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">[Answer: GUT GUARDIANS (Akkermansia, Bifidobacteria longum, Lactobacillus plantarum, etc), probiotics, soil probiotics, bifido/lacto, weeding with botanicals, inulin/FOS, GOS, psyllium, etc]</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">Akk -- that is today's topic. Journal club: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=akkermansia+vos">de Vos et al</a>. It's one of our best guardians of the upper gut (ileum, small intestines).</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">Various disease states are connected to microbial fingerprints. At the top is a short list of the vipers that eat raw potato starch and raw starches; they all eat digestible starches too and this is why so many with j*cked up guts do well initially on strict Paleo, SCD, Gottschalks, GAPS and VLC diets. For a short term, limiting starches helps until seeding (weeding) with the right probiotics and weeding of identified vipers occurs. Long term however the root problem is not fixed and may even get worse (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=akkermansia+fodmap">low FODMAPS</a> and low fiber diets may lower akkermansia).</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">The microbial fingerprint for most post-SAD people (and formerly SAD fat/ill/sick):</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">(1) missing one of ultimate gut guardians: Bifidobacteria longum (recall: <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/paleo-mag-hot-tony-federico-has.html?m=1">the raw potato starch users have nearly none</a>)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">(2) missing also another gut guardian: Akkermansia mucinophila (recall: <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/paleo-mag-hot-tony-federico-has.html?m=1">for the family of 4 in their intrepid experiment, raw potato starch lowered everyone's A. mucinophila except for the one taking psyllium husks</a>)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">(3) presence of vipers: alcohol producing yeasts and E coli, Staph, starch eating Prevotella, etc.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyGI08YkmpuDrukK2wSYuHvjffy_aUQKv471v2rI3pJJiKyGi1UNdGp9ALUUVNS8kprvzLE9SnC13JervW20rQvuF-rx5eiX_dhrL5MHZAQ_kAHBGXKnyRBmK8I61kw2-u1txsi0QMSE38/s1600/disease+fingerprints+AHS.001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyGI08YkmpuDrukK2wSYuHvjffy_aUQKv471v2rI3pJJiKyGi1UNdGp9ALUUVNS8kprvzLE9SnC13JervW20rQvuF-rx5eiX_dhrL5MHZAQ_kAHBGXKnyRBmK8I61kw2-u1txsi0QMSE38/s1600/disease+fingerprints+AHS.001.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;">Unique T2 Diabetes Fingerprint:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">MISSING MANY (B. longum, and Akkermansia)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">EXCESSIVE UPPERGUT PATHOGENS (Bacteroides,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Yeasts/Candida, E coli, Starch Eaters, etc)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">If symptoms occur, they often involve joint pain, muscle aches, headaches, rash, challenges with losing body fat, increased blood sugars, or worsening of the respective condition. On stool testing these commensals-turned-opportunistic overgrowths may be evident for those who have the below conditions</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Overgrowths (Klebsiella, Prevotella, </span><span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">E coli</span><span style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, and/or Bacteroides) Detected In:</span></span></div>
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">obesity (<a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2013/09/my-n1-pre-and-post-microbiome-digestion.html">I had this</a>)</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="line-height: 1; white-space: pre-wrap;">GERD/reflux, heartburn (</span><a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/new-bulletproof-podcast-with-dave.html?m=1" style="line-height: 1; white-space: pre-wrap;">I had this</a> on high dose potato starch, out of the blue<span style="line-height: 1; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></span></li>
<li dir="ltr" style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis)/fatty liver (<a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/paleo-mag-hot-tony-federico-has.html?m=1">Tim Steele had this</a> recently)</span></li>
<li dir="ltr" style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">T2 diabetes</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">skin disorders, acne</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">IBS-C, IBS-D</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">autoimmune disorders</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">IBD, Crohn’s, ulcerative colitis</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">celiac</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">psoriasis</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">RA</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">MS</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">AS</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hashimoto’s </span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Grave’s</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">autism, ADHD, spectrum</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">reactive arthritis</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">esophageal adenoma</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">colorectal/bowel cancer</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">breast cancer</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">and other gut signatures marked by these</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;"><b><u><br />
</u></b> <b><u>HIGH DOSAGE RAW STARCHES INCREASES BODY FAT IN T2 DIABETES SUBJECTS</u></b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://www.%20endocrineconnections.com/%20content/3/2/75.long">Bodinham et al 2014</a>. Authors were shocked to find that 40g HAM-RS2 (raw starch, resistant starch type II) failed to improve blood sugars, hyperinsulinemia, or glycemic control. High dosage raw starches actually worsened many parameters including insulin resistance. Several other human studies reflect these results (previous post:<a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/08/sorry-resistant-starch-is-unlikely-to.html"> sorry, resistant starch type 2 won't induce fat or weight loss</a>). It appears RS2 can induce changes in metabolism that don't show up in rodent studies.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;">Humans aren't rodents. Our gut flora are vastly different <a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/111/46/16431.abstract">(Moeller et al PNAS 2014</a>). We're big-brained, long-living furnaces of fatty-acid utilizing carnivores/omnivores. If one eats hamster food, will they develop a lame #HAMSTERGUT?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">Raw high-amylose maize RS2 high dosage 40 grams daily for 12 weeks appeared to make subjects with controlled T2 Diabetes fatter.............and higher inflammatory IL6, 30% more fat in the pancreas ('fatty organs'), higher triglycerides (which corresponds higher insulin and IR, insulin resistance), and higher LDL (dense, atherogenic LDL-particles).</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">Notable indicators of a healthy microbiome -- butyrate and propionate in the stools -- were <i>all </i>statistically lower. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">So what was raw potato starch feeding, just the bottom feeders? Starving the gut guardians and making extinct Akkermansia and Bifidobacteria longum in the uppergut?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">Results <a href="http://www.endocrineconnections.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=24671124">Tab 1</a>:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;">--increased fasting TG (p=.039)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">--increased LDL cholesterol</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">--increased HOMA% (aka nsulin resistance) wtf??!</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">--~30% increased pancreas fat wtf?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">(v control, Body fat depots determined by MRS scanning (n=14).) </span><br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;">--increased fat mass</span><br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;">--increased BMI</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">--increased weight</span><br />
<span style="background-color: lime;">--reduced GLP1</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">--increased IL6 (but lower TNFa)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;">--lower butyrate (p<b> less than</b> 0.001) </span><br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;">--lower propionate (p = 0.021)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;"><b><u>MECHANISMS FOR HIGH DOSE RS2 HALTING FAT LOSS</u></b>?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">As you we know antibiotics can cause obesity (<a href="http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nrendo.2014.210.html">Blaser et al 2014</a>). Certain probiotics can cause weight loss (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=(obesity)%20AND%20bifidobacteria%20longum">Bifidobacteria longum</a>, Akkermansia mucinophila) and others may induce weight gain (<a href="https://www.bulletproofexec.com/why-yogurt-and-probiotics-make-you-fat-and-foggy/">certain Lactobacilli strains</a>). What about prebiotics, fiber and resistant starch?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">I think RS2 halts fat loss and for many with susceptible guts, increases subtle fat gain as <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/08/sorry-resistant-starch-is-unlikely-to.html">several studies</a> are showing now.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">What I would love to know about these test subjects is their abundance of the insulin sensitizing gut flora and how much % they dropped:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">--Christensenella</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">--Akkermansia</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">--Bifidobacteria longum</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">What I'd also love to see is how much fat was gained in the liver and how high the liver tests (AST, ALT) increased. I bet it was a cr*pload since the pancreas increased in fat mass% by about 30%.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">After potential losses of B longum and Akkermansia, what vipers/commensals were consequently overgrowing as a result of high dose raw starches, in the uppergut (SIBO/SIFO)?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">--alcohol producing E coli?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">--alcohol producing Clostridium or Dorea?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">--alcohol producing yeasts/candida?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">--Bacteroides?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">--Klebsiella?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">--Prevotella?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">Every gut is unique but the obese, fatty liver/NASH and diabetes one has several overlapping clusters of microbial factors. Namely, the below. These fingerprints are so characteristic they can be predicted now in 80% of cases. A hallmark feature is low diversity. Scientists call this LGC, low gene count. Many gut symbionts are absent. The ones left are opportunistic vipers. W</span><span style="background-color: white;">ithout the gut guardians in the uppergut, o</span><span style="background-color: white;">nly a few vipers can lead to devastating metabolic and disease burdens .</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b><u style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Unique Obesity/ NASH/fatty liver/T2 Diabetes Fingerprint:</span></u></b><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">MISSING MANY (B. longum, and Akkermansia mucinophila)</span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">EXCESSIVE UPPERGUT PATHOGENS (Bacteroides,Yeasts/Candida, E coli, Starch Eaters, etc)</span></span></li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;"><b><u><br />
</u></b> <b><u>GAME-CHANGER = AKKERMANSIA MUCINOPHILA</u></b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">When scientists boost Akkermansia in humans with prebiotics (psyllium, inulin-FOS, etc), all the metabolic biomarkers dramatically reverse or improve (fatty liver, elevated liver function tests, circulating LPS, endotoxemia, hyperinsulinemia, elevated blood glucoses, inflammation, etc). Akkermansia is found depleted in every modern illness that it is tested: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=appendicitis+akkermansia">appendicitis</a>, obesity, T2 diabetes, insulin resistance, high intestinal permeability, fatty liver/NASH, IBD, etc. (However, in severely disrupted guts, Akkermansia will overgrow where the gut barriers are compromised like in severe IBD and colorectal cancer.)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">Through the entire animal, bird, fish and reptile kingdoms, </span>Akkermansia <span style="background-color: white;">is found ubiquitiously</span><span style="background-color: white;">. It's is everywhere, even in deepsea fish that live 5000 meters deep in the ocean. Everyone has it except SAD guts and </span><a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/12/paleo-mag-hot-tony-federico-has.html?m=1">those on high dosage potato starch</a><span style="background-color: white;">. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white;">For healthy guts, it lines the entire GI tract. By scientists' estimates, our entire microbiome is 3-5% </span>Akkermansia<span style="background-color: white;">. In stools Akk has an abundance of 1-3% in healthy guts (ubiome avg in healthy subjects = 1.2%). Akk is the game-changer for human disease for many.</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i style="background-color: white;">"Studies have demonstrated an inverse<br />
correlation between the presence of the closely<br />
adherent mucin-degrading bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila and obesity in humans [15]. Further<br />
studies have confirmed that A. muciniphila is<br />
reduced in obese and type 2 diabetic mice, and<br />
demonstrated that prebiotic feeding enhances the<br />
abundance of this organism with an associated<br />
improvement in the metabolic profile [16].<br />
Significantly, administration of A. muciniphila to<br />
mice reversed the high-fat-diet-induced conditions<br />
including inflammation, fat mass gain and insulin<br />
resistance via improved control of inflammation<br />
and gut barrier function potentially mediated<br />
by increased intestinal levels of endocannabinoids<br />
[16]<b> </b><b>Studies such as these are important in<br />
establishing the causal relationship between<br />
elements of the microbiota and disease states</b>, and<br />
will greatly inform future diagnostic and treatment<br />
protocols for metabolic diseases." (Joyce, Gahan 2014)</i></blockquote>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span> <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie267hQsSqokDEyz_XlZgIfqC_mdp0nMQIi4-jfLRWZazY07gD8-3M3yiM6D7j40ex92VBz3ehTxtfAfrzXYVPlVe-RKAAUzscSCccaZpDxyXbtpOdvKed21ssS2NwvcdMu8U4POOiehKs/s1600/charliehunnamasssonsofanarchy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie267hQsSqokDEyz_XlZgIfqC_mdp0nMQIi4-jfLRWZazY07gD8-3M3yiM6D7j40ex92VBz3ehTxtfAfrzXYVPlVe-RKAAUzscSCccaZpDxyXbtpOdvKed21ssS2NwvcdMu8U4POOiehKs/s1600/charliehunnamasssonsofanarchy.jpg" height="320" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;">MOAR CHARLIE HUNNAM BY REQUESTS</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Human or Hamster Guts?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">What's his gut guardians (Akk, B longum) and GLP1?</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><u>CONCLUSION AND ACTIONS</u></b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">
</span>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Consider the whole spectrum of fiber to feed the flora and amplifying the gut guardian species associated with leanness and longevity: B longum, Akkermansia, and Christensenella by seeding (probiotics), weeding (probiotics, botanicals) and feeding (inulin, acacia, FOS, yacon, onions, leeks, sunchokes, GOS, psyllium, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignins, gums, beta glucan, arabinoxylan, xylans, etc).</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Consider adding in foods and prebiotics that weed out E coli and that raise diversity and B longum and Akkermansia (<a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2013/11/how-to-cure-sibo-small-intestinal-bowel.html">both Version A and B of bionic fiber</a>) in the 7 Steps. </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Version B is a fat blaster and can help reverse fatty liver/obesity/diabetes (Akkermansia).</span></li>
</ul>
Dr. B Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15451872961651116061noreply@blogger.com28tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6780103924890350442.post-34992799550535237792014-12-12T09:37:00.000-08:002014-12-12T09:37:03.314-08:00Gut Guardian Podcast: Episode 07 – Cracking Down on Candida<a href="http://restoretheflora.com/gut-guardian-podcast-episode-07-cracking-down-on-candida/">Gut Guardian Podcast: Episode 07 – Cracking Down on Candida</a><br />
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 15pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The yeast conversation continues as Matt asks Dr. Grace just how much truth is there to the candida epidemic. The symptoms are everywhere, but there is a bunch of skepticism along side the diagnosis of candida. Dr. Grace and Matt discuss how certain metals in the body can be detrimental in its harboring of candida. And for those who are having problems with candida, Dr. Grace offers her own experience and the methods she used to rid her problems. There is even more to be discussed on future episodes. </span></div>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-de44820c-3f94-0745-cd36-c2d747adaed0" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 15pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Enjoy!</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 15pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Show Notes:</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 15pt;">
<a href="http://www.medicalinsider.com/bacterial.html#candida" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Candida Resource containing information + botanicals </span></a></div>
<a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2013/09/my-n1-pre-and-post-microbiome-digestion.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dr. Grace’s N=1 Blog Post</span></a><br />
<br />
<br />
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Dr. B Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15451872961651116061noreply@blogger.com106tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6780103924890350442.post-91400759389099533652014-12-10T16:55:00.002-08:002014-12-11T13:49:44.386-08:00PALEO MAG HOT TONY FEDERICO HAS THE ANCESTRAL CORE MICROBIOTA IN ABUNDANCE; Citizen Science; Cautions with RPS-RUMPS; High Dose RAW Starch Appears to Suppress Christensenella, Akkermansia, and B longum That Make Us LEAN (Part III)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOmwoRQ5NwxiR2BOC5n3aN7NBIOw8cgUXgoJ9R3owLQpNELAHmGWwlAHycJ_4k38Un8zH-0JZOskQDAhfVgbW86HApQRwI-MJ1G9vtguMeiw9_Lm6mcgvQDlldwyV7x95zXIgr0HdQtHQM/s1600/TONY+FED.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOmwoRQ5NwxiR2BOC5n3aN7NBIOw8cgUXgoJ9R3owLQpNELAHmGWwlAHycJ_4k38Un8zH-0JZOskQDAhfVgbW86HApQRwI-MJ1G9vtguMeiw9_Lm6mcgvQDlldwyV7x95zXIgr0HdQtHQM/s1600/TONY+FED.png" height="320" width="217" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Paleo Mag<br />
Tony Federico<br />
Author of<i> Paleo Grilling</i></td></tr>
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<b><u>BEAUTIFUL GUTS, BEAUTIFUL MINDS</u></b><br />
<br />
<a href="http://restoretheflora.com/">Matt Pepin</a> and I had the pleasure of having Tony on the show recently for the Gut Guardians podcast. Look out soon for it. We explored all sorts of paleo and ancestral themes particularlyTony's take on how we are so plugged in yet not getting the ancestral hits of oxytocin from face-to-face, voice or real contact. We also had the chance to review his uBIOME from earlier this year and why he felt that raw resistant starch was not ancestral, thus never partook. His bold piece on Resistant Starch (RS) was one of the first on the '<a href="http://paleomagonline.com/resistant-starch-the-good-the-bad-and-the-bacteria/">RS Cautions and Concerns</a>', which also includes my early (unevolved) thoughts at the time.<br />
<br />
New evidence has presented, namely studies and citizen science (N=1, AMGut, uBIOME, Genova Diagnostic 2200 results) that use 16S rRNA analysis to detail and drill down what is occurring in the gut microbiota with RS2, raw starches, as a fiber and prebiotic and downstream effects.<br />
<br />
In the podcast we discuss more in depth revelations on this and why I think caution should be considered for situations when high dosage RS2 (raw starches) should be avoided, why, how, and what might be considered ancestral.<br />
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He gave me permission to use his uBIOME and give my thoughts on his N=1. Luv citizen science.<br />
<br />
Currently I am preferring uBIOME over AmGut for mainly 2 reasons: (1) easy access to the detailed raw taxonomy to view down to species and genus depth, (2) turn around is fast. Like all testing, it's imperfect. Accuracy and sensitivity are likely limited like all testing by 20-30% if we are lucky. Comparisons between testing methods also restrict what conclusions we can make, and additional testing contaminants and other lab obstacles still clearly exist. Now onward and let's do the unscientific thing and compare apples with oranges!<br />
<br />
Placing Tony's 'Paleo Diet' column against the <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/11/hadza-guts-have-ancestral-core.html?m=1">Hadza</a>, healthy Mediterranean diet and the % of relative abundance in the healthy cohort reported by uBIOME, we can see how his gut size up, knowing this is provisional and only gives us 'patterns'. Functional medicine practitioners like myself compare gut species and phyla. With the upgraded Genova Diagnostic 2200 Stool GI Function testing it is possible to tie suboptimal health with the gut microbiota 'fingerprint'. By altering the 'fingerprint', better digestion, better health and performance can be obtained. Gut testing and knowing your gut 'fingerprint' is the future of all medicine because all health begins in the gut (Hippocrates).<br />
<br />
Here is a <a href="https://www.gdx.net/core/interpretive-guides/GI-Effects-IG.pdf">great manual</a>, interpretative guide, see pg 21-25 to review Tony's data along with me. I would place 'green' as the above average measurements and 'red/yellow' as below average depending on the magnitude (eg 10-fold v. 0.2-fold reductions). Microbes magnify their populations by log scales, so below the representations are by 'fold' or 'times' expression.<br />
<br />
Tony's diet and lifestyle: no grains, no dairy, lots of non-starchy vegetables, fermented foods, meat, fat. He is also a personal coach and works out nearly daily with a lean BF of 14% and high muscle mass. <br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gut Microbe</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #a4c2f4; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LEAN ANCESTRAL CORE</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ANCESTRAL</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">GUT DIVERSITY?</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20-60g RS3</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hadza Tubers</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">HEALTHY MEDITERR-ANEAN DIET</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Italian Cohort</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">uBiome Normal</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Avg</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">PALEO DIET</span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">uBiome </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Non-starchy vegetables</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6ft, 190lbs, ~14% BF</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Active physical</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fermented Foods</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #a4c2f4; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Christensenellaceae</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #a4c2f4; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Christensella</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.844</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.0120</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4.35 5X</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">--ROCKSTAR</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.0224 2X</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--The best levels I’ve seen STELLAR</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #a4c2f4; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Akkermansia</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1.22</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: yellow; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.0488</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bifidobacteria</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.02</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8.1</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.894%</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: yellow; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.0010</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: #a4c2f4;">B.longum</span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B.catenulatum</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">?</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">?</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.4-0.5%</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: yellow; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">None</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: yellow; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.0010</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #a4c2f4; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Roseburia XIVa</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3.9</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7.7</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3.46%</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1.27</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #a4c2f4; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Eubacterium XIVa</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2.2</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1.4</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.912%</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5.97 6X </span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Blautia XIVa</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3.5</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9.5</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7.63%</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">12.9 </span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">F. prausnitzii IV</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11.8</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">18.5</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9.48%</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11.8</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ruminococcus</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">IV</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2.1</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8.6</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5.96%</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6.27</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alistipes </span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.9</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1.39%</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2.13 0.5X</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bacteroides</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.2</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7.1</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9.66%</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2.49</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rikenellaceae</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1.43%</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2.15 0.5X</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">--Mitochondria like gut flora</span></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">PATHOGENS</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pseudomonas</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Haemophilus</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Enterobacter</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Staphylococcus</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.0583%</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.0689%</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.2600%</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.6010%</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ALL NEGLIGIB</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.0007</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.0047</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.0043</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.0094</span></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--No neisseria, serratia, morganella, fusobacteria, klebsiella, etc</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><u>TONY'S HAWWWT MICROBIOME: LEANNESS ADVANTAGES</u></b><br />
<br />
<b><i>CHRISTENSENELLA</i></b>: One thing that really struck me first about Tony and his gut microbiota is the richness and abundance of an up and coming new potential probiotic and gut flora known as Christensenella minuta, Tony's shows double the normal values reported in healthy controls from uBiome. Unfortunately I could not locate the Hadza or Mediterranean cohort data. For the phyla that C minuta belongs to, Christensenellaceae, Tony's gut values were OFF THE CHART, 4.35-fold above normal. This is impressive to me because I look at a lot of testing and never seen any numbers even close. We will go over others -- because RS2, raw potato starch -- appears to lower it significantly in every record I've observed.<br />
<br />
Ruth Ley and her group reported first on Christensenella minuta. It is quite the bug. When obese rats are implanted with viable, live probiotics, they were leaner than controls and did not gain fat as easily on fat-inducing diets (high sucrose, high fat rat chow). Like Tony, C minuta is found in higher concentrations in lean people. (And high dosage raw potato starch ingesters have hardly any.) The genus C minuta is in only two species that I'm aware of so hopefully the numbers listed are a good proxy for C minuta.<br />
<br />
Recently Ed Yong wrote about this special leanness probiotic: "The team confirmed this by deliberately adding Christensenella to a stool sample before transplanting it into germ-free mice. Without the microbe, the mice put on 15 percent more weight and had 25 percent body fat. With it, they put on just 10 percent more weight, and had just 21 percent body fat. For comparison, that’s the equivalent of a 70 kilogram person putting on seven extra kilograms rather than ten." <a href="http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2014/11/06/the-most-heritable-gut-bacterium-is-wait-what-is-that-2/">NatGeo</a>.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWBChsGOOUfJ9bUdPYEUwEYmgHQ66mIPl7HOop75nxodg-ZO6t2YmYFoo_lXUGJxp05eShjHEPz5seowRTZfYEIj7ITCZ8hx32WCK492ibjbIpuMQeHTPR_nViDZycLONsdvpKAo-venBT/s1600/Christensenella+mice.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWBChsGOOUfJ9bUdPYEUwEYmgHQ66mIPl7HOop75nxodg-ZO6t2YmYFoo_lXUGJxp05eShjHEPz5seowRTZfYEIj7ITCZ8hx32WCK492ibjbIpuMQeHTPR_nViDZycLONsdvpKAo-venBT/s1600/Christensenella+mice.png" height="293" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://images.sciencetimes.com/data/images/full/1323/graphical-abstract-of-the-study-on-bacterium-christensenella-minuta-in-twins-and-mice.jpg?w=600">Source</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<b><i>BUTYRATE-PRODUCING XIVa/IV CLUSTERS:</i></b> Eubacteria, <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/08/r-intestinalis-is-big-phat-butyrate.html">Roseburia</a>, Blautia, Ruminococcus and F. prausnitzii were all extremely robust. These are versatile eaters of RS3 (cooked-cooled starches, which Tony eats little, it appears) and the entire fiber spectrum. I can tell from these #s that Tony's diet is a true smorgasbord of rainbow colored vegetables, fruits and seeds. Beyond butyrate, cluster XIVa has been shown to very important for sealing the gut barriers and reversing immuno reactive conditions such as peanut allergies in animal models.<br />
<br />
Alistipes is one of the leanness building microbiota and part of the ancestral core. Tony's appears 50% higher than normal.<br />
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<br />
<br />
<b><u>OTHER LEANNESS ALTERING MICROBES AKKERMANSIA, B LONGUM: BELOW AVERAGE</u></b><br />
<br />
Akkermansia is another <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=obesity+akkermansia">leanness building microbe</a>. Scientists give it to fat mice and it alters their body fat composition, decreases body fat, improves blood sugars, lowers LPS and endotoxemia, reduces several inflammatory markers, decreases liver function tests, fixes faulty intestinal permeability, increases HDL cholesterol, decreases TGs, and even improves the signs and symptoms of fatty liver/NASH (non-alcoholic steatosis hepatitis). Like Christensenella it is find in abundance in lean, non-diabetic subjects. Those with diabetes have low amounts. Weight loss and administration of the insulin sensitizing drug metformin appears to raise Akkermansia. Elite rugby players on the<a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/08/exercise-step-6-to-be-lean-healthy.html"> Irish national team</a> who eat a 'clean', whole food, high protein diet have elevated levels of Akk. Cranberry extract which is high in polyphenols raise it. Factors that raise bifidobacteria, also will raise Akk (I suspect it crossfeeds from them too).<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>"Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium proportions were</i><i>also correlated with the level of expression of proglucagon,</i><i>the precursor of the potent anorexigenic peptide</i><i>GLP-1 (Moss et al., 2012), which is associated with the</i><i>improvement of glycemic and insulin responses and</i><i>reductions in fat mass of mice fed prebiotics (Delzenne</i><i>et al., 2011). One possible mechanism to explain these</i><i>effects is that Akkermansia fermentation of mucin results</i><i>in the production of propionate (Derrien, 2004), a SCFA</i><i>known to stimulate the production of GLP-1 in rodents</i><i>(Zhou et al., 2008). Generally, Akkermansia is increasingly</i><i>associated with improved gut health and ameliorations in</i><i>body weight disorders (Zhang et al., 2009; Png et al.,</i><i>2010; Santacruz et al., 2010; Delzenne et al., 2011)."</i><i>Tachon et al</i></blockquote>
<br />
The prebiotics associated with increased Akk are: GOS/oligosaccharides (beans, whole grains), inulin, FOS, yacon root, yacon syrup and inulin-type-fructan-rich foods (onions, leeks, garlic, sunchokes, green vegetables, cactus, etc). Not hard to get but the tubers like yacon or sunchokes may be more challenging than eating a lot of onions daily. Obese humans benefit from these prebiotics and foods and experience the same metabolic improvements and fat reduction because both Bifidobacteria longum and Akk increases substantially <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24969566">HERE </a>(personal communication -- Akk incr; Salazar et al 2014). I made some suggestions to Tony because achieving Akk is a 'tool' to sustain not only better gut health but to supercharge performance. It it appears to be highly associated with better sports performance (elite Irish rugby players), fat burning and overall energy partitioning between our brains, fat, and muscles.<br />
<br />
Paleo foods are not honed in yet on obtaining the prebiotics that support good Akk or B longum -- inulin rich sweet tasting, non-starchy roots, onions, leeks, sunchokes, chicory, rhizomes, and tubers.<br />
<br />
Akkermansia is a very special microbe which will be a superstar probiotic in a few years like Christensenella, I predict!<br />
<br />
B longum was low for Tony's gut. Not shocking. Everyone's is low or extinct secondary to antibiotics. Tony reports he has not had a single course of antibiotics for the last 10 years.<br />
<br />
So despite low Akk and B longum, I believe the Christensenella and perhaps other factors that we cannot grasp or understand at this time with the lack of research can explain a lot of what can be observed with limited data. I think in the future we shall hear a lot about Tony's guts -- full of Christensenella and big butyrate factories that protect against disease, obesity and inflammation.<br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><u>A PATHOGEN-FREE GUT IS A DISEASE-FREE GUT</u></b><br />
<br />
The standard opportunistic bacteria and invading oral/skin biome that enter the gut were all super low for Tony's guts. I was really happy to see this, as much as the high Christensenella. Having a low burden of pathogens is the hallmark of a gut with longevity and health. When pathogens are present, yeasts typically are as well. I can presume Tony's yeasts are minimal or non-existent by the pattern here (organic acid urine testing is best to confirm). Stool testing like this will not reveal the giardia/protozoa, yeasts or helminths/worms, so other testing is needed to confirm if interested.<br />
<br />
As we age, two things are observed in humans and animal models<br />
--higher pathogens<br />
--depletion of bifidobacteria and other symbionts (ancestral core)<br />
<br />
How do we combat this? Are there ways to achieve longevity, leanness and healthy via our gut microbiota? I take Tony's guts as a standing example of being successful with lifestyles and diet that promote the most optimal, diverse, and balanced gut devoid of dysbiosis and pathogens. His diet is rich in plant polysaccharides and fiber, few gut disruptors (gluten, n6 PUFA, etc) and appears to feed a myriad of gut flora that make us into lean phenotypes (butyrate producers and Christensenella).<br />
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<b><u><br />
</u></b> <b><u>CITIZEN SCIENCE: ALLAN FOLZ'S FAMILY RUMPS EXPERIMENT</u></b><br />
<br />
Allan and his family received 3 out of 4 of their <a href="http://resistantstarchbiome.blogspot.com/">final results from AmGut recently</a>. Please ck it out. We will talk more about these reports in the next 1-2wks but here are some of my initial thoughts that I shared with Allan. Drilling down was fun and we can see a neat view of a several cases and 2 prebiotic results (psyllium, raw potato starch).<br />
<br />
Allan had reported he felt wired and not the same on RUMPS, which required changing the dosage from 4 TBS at bedtime to splitting it 2 TBS twice daily. He recorded the blood sugar readings pre- and post challenge.<br />
<br />
RUMPS = raw unmodified potato starch (RS2)<br />
<br />
The most outstanding changes were, I noted:<br />
<ul>
<li>Drastic drop in Christensenella for 2 (the third, Child2, had no detectable Christensenella to begin with)</li>
<li>Significant drop ~15-fold and 50% of original Akkermansia (Allan, Child 1 respectively). No change/mild increase where psyllium was used (increased Akk in Child 1; appears the depletion is buffered with additional insoluble/viscous/soluble fiber)</li>
<li>Significant increases in total bifido of 5 to 20-fold magnitude; B longum data is pending</li>
<li>Decrease in diversity (number of species detected) but some pathogens reduced and some new pathogens emerged or increased (Suterella, Staph, Campylobacter).</li>
<li>Slightly <a href="http://resistantstarchbiome.blogspot.com/2014_04_01_archive.html">higher blood sugar readings</a> afterwards for 3 (<a href="http://resistantstarchbiome.blogspot.com/2014_04_01_archive.html">except Child 1</a> who was on psyllium+RUMPs; psyllium is associated with lower and better controlled blood sugars and weight loss). Goal BG less than 84 (normal/optimal).</li>
<li>No weight loss reported by either Allan or Adult 2</li>
</ul>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-d59f1cf7-39ed-4ce2-ad03-43a948b246a5" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gut Microbe</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #3c78d8; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ANCESTRAL</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #3c78d8; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CORE--</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #ff9900; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LEAN, GUT LINING PROTECTIVE</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #ff9900; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">MICROBIOTA</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">uBiome Normal</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Avg</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #b6d7a8; border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Allan pre</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">low-mod </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">LC paleo</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">RS3-GOS</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">beans daily</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #b6d7a8; border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Allan post</span></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4 TB RUMPS</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">RS3-diet</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #4a86e8; border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #4a86e8; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Child1 pre</span></div>
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<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #4a86e8; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Starches grains, yogurt</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #4a86e8; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">semi-</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #4a86e8; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">paleo</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #4a86e8; border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #4a86e8; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Child1 post</span></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #4a86e8; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1 TB RUMPS in water + 1 TSP Psyllium husk</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d5a6bd; border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #d5a6bd; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Child2 pre</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #d5a6bd; border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #d5a6bd; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Child2 post</span></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #d5a6bd; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1 TB RUMPS in water</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B longum</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(inulin/GOS/</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">psyllium eating)</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.4-</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.5*</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">---</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pending</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">---</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Christensenella</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Christensenellaceae</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.012</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.844</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.010 </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">good</span></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.23</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">below detection</span></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.37</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.010 </span><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">good</span></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.04</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">below detection</span></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.01</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">below detection</span></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.03</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">below detection</span></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.02</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Akkermansia</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1.2%</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">16.93</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Over</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">growth?</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1.45</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Closer to normal</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.24</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5-fold below normal</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.26</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">psyllium</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">buffered?</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Little change</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.11</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11-fold below normal</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.05</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">24-fold below normal</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diversity</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Species#</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.001+%</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(appears to drop 5-20% )</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">102</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">81</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">93</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">87</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">smallest drop-PSY</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">95</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">84</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bifidobacteria</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #ea9999; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B.animalis</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #ea9999; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B.adolescentis</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #ea9999; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(RS2 eating)</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.88%</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.95</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">good</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #ea9999; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4.99</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #ea9999; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">? unknwn</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.33</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">~3-fold below normal</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1.48</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(more tame --</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">psyllium?)</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">?unknown</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.27</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">~3-fold below normal</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #ea9999; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6.23</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #ea9999; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">??unknwn</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Potential pathogens</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">staph</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">haemoph</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">enterobac</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fuso</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">neisseria</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">serratia</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #fdef2b; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">campylo</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">haemoph</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">neisseria</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">serratia</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: yellow; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sutterella 0.05</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pseudom</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">staph</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #fdef2b; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sutterella 0.26</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">campylo</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">neisseria</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">haemophil</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">staph</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">campylo</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">haemop</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">staph</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">campylo</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">haemoph</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fdef2b; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">staph</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">+ not part of the ancestral core top 7 category</span></div>
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<br />
<b><u>LOSS AND DEPLETION OF CHRISTENSENELLA AND AKKERMANSIA WITH HIGH DOSAGE RUMPS/RS2?</u></b><br />
<br />
Across the board among all three N=1s, Christensenella and Akkermansia diminished substantially, the one exception was psyllium may have raised Akk in Child 1 and buffered the RUMPS-induced reduction.<br />
<br />
The losses of Christensenella and Akk may have consequences later. Low Akk is associated with higher intestinal permeability, leakage of bacterial LPS into the blood, inflammation, and metabolic disorders involving poor handling of dietary carbohydrates, diabetes, obesity, and fatty liver/NASH.<br />
<br />
Is this a problem? With the potential loss or suppression of B longum growth (see below), I think so. These are collectively part of our vital gut guardians on the mucosal surface. The lack of these species is associated with disease gut fingerprint for the largest epidemic of times: obesity. <br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: yellow;">High dosage potato starch c*ck blocks fat loss? YES INDEEDY</span>. It may usurp the leanness microbial fingerprint and promote a 'diabetic/obese/NASHy' intestinal flora profile. This is my biggest gripe lol. For this reason alone, I've taken a complete changed and altered approach to this prebiotic, and shoving it to the last step of gut recovery (version C, <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2013/11/how-to-cure-sibo-small-intestinal-bowel.html">max dose 1 TSP of bionic fiber</a>).<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><u>PATHOGENS</u></b><br />
<br />
Many prebiotics and fiber remove and expel pathogens efficiently and well. This is not a surprise. In Child 1 psyllium is anti-pseudomonal and was associated with RUMPS in reducing Pseudomonas to below detectable levels. Child 1 also had a overgrowth of Sutterella which is associated with autism children with digestive issues; it appears neither psyllium or RUMPS improved this. After intervention, Sutterella appears 5-fold higher. For the 3 N=1, the remaining pathogens after RUMPS were a mix of similar organisms: Haemophilus, Serratia, Neisseria, Staphylococcus and Campylobacter. Allan's guts saw a wonderful reduction of some potential vipers which hopefully translated to better health outcomes later.<br />
<br />
On the other hand, Inulin, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=inulin+FOS+pathogen">FOS</a> ,GOS and the <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6837195">bifidobacteria</a> they induce may dramatically reduce pathogens like Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Serratia, Klebsiella, Proteus, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12540416">beta hemolytic Strep</a> and Staphylococcus in <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=inulin+pathogen">human and animal studies</a>, At the same time these prebiotics will boost our leanness-inducing and anti-inflammatory gut flora like B longum, Akkermansia, Roseburia and clusters XIVa. RS2 or RUMPS has a vastly different spectrum for reducing pathogens.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><u>LOSS AND DEPLETION OF B. LONGUM WITH HIGH DOSAGE RUMPS/RS2?</u></b><br />
<br />
We are still waiting for the Bifido species separation and quantification. Allan has 6 datasets to acquire but I'm looking forward to see how the different prebiotics fare. Depletion of bifido occurs with chronic inflammatory diseases and as we age. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22909308">Tachon et al</a> state "At the genus level, depletion of specific beneficial gut bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia spp has been reported for elderly individuals."<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqYYFvzy5lXl10L7bzDky4G9Yewg-9Z7SZrEurktAasrThfUBKw1nsDLaPFazMSmt43El8Civrer7hlv-iEc1iPpJGmCBc25WLmzWRnAwtjzAHPvMb1VGqunzko9s_PuQ_Peg8PZc7xrAh/s1600/disease+fingerprints+AHS.001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqYYFvzy5lXl10L7bzDky4G9Yewg-9Z7SZrEurktAasrThfUBKw1nsDLaPFazMSmt43El8Civrer7hlv-iEc1iPpJGmCBc25WLmzWRnAwtjzAHPvMb1VGqunzko9s_PuQ_Peg8PZc7xrAh/s1600/disease+fingerprints+AHS.001.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bifidobacteria Depleted<br />
In Nearly Every Disease of Western Civilization;<br />
Every Disease Has A Gut Fingerprint<br />
<a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/08/ahs14-my-talk-is-up-re-savaging-gut.html">AHS14</a></td></tr>
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Bifidobacteria species varies in our guts. Some are naturally found in humans and others are from our food, dairy, supplement and environmental sources.<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>"Closer inspection of the Bifidobacterium 16S rRNA gene</i><br />
<i>sequences showed that a diet containing 36% HAM-RS2</i><br />
<i>selected for specific members of the Bifidobacterium genus</i><br />
<i>(Fig. S3). Aged mice fed the Control diet or 18% HAMRS2</i><br />
<i>were predominantly colonized by close relatives of</i><br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><i>Bifidobacterium pseudolongum subsp. pseudolongum and</i></span><br />
<i><span style="background-color: yellow;">globosum</span>. In contrast, mice fed 36% RS were enriched</i><br />
<i>with Bifidobacterium most closely related to <span style="background-color: yellow;">B. animalis,</span></i><br />
<i><span style="background-color: yellow;">including the subspecies animalis lactis</span>." </i></blockquote>
Apparently no B longum was grown selectively on 18% or 36% high dosage RS2. B longum does not appear to ferment or cross feed off raw starch granules in other studies; its preferred food is oligosaccharides, FOS, GOS, inulin, and psyllium (arabinoxylan in seeds, grains), etc.<br />
<br />
The above highlighted strains are all strains that eat raw starch granules with fast fermentive speed and special adhesion properties for granules, that B longum lacks:<br />
B animalis<br />
B lactis<br />
B pseudolongum<br />
B globosum<br />
<br />
It appears that RS2 being a substrate is a special fuel for certain species according to this study and other fermentation studies. RS2 is different from RS3 and even RS3 is degraded by different or more varied gut flora than RS2.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://aem.asm.org/content/75/6/1534.full">Turroni et al</a> examined the types of bifido found in healthy mucosa and fecal samples. His study is an epic review of where bifido is found, ecologically origins, how much and the difference between mucosa-associated bifido (aka, I call this 'MAB') and the fecal ones. The MAB ones are the ones we want; these provide barrier protection and SEAL THE AWESOME AMAZING GUT. So please keep this in mind and why such tremendous benefits for gut restoration are seen with anything that replenishes B. longum, the mucosal Superman. Matt Pepin and have done our best to discuss its role in health and how to boost it on our podcasts.<br />
<br />
So fermented dairy and supps with B lactis are wonderful and work, but they are not the same as B longum and other MAB inhabitants. The authors note: "However, some bifidobacterial species, such as B. animalis subsp. lactis and B. dentium, appear to be more abundant or present only in stool samples, thus suggesting that these taxa do not represent a dominant component of the mucosa-associated bifidobacteria...A large proportion of the currently used bifidobacterial probiotic strains belong to the taxon B. animalis subsp. lactis (e.g., Bb12, DN-173, and HN019), which are considered to confer beneficial effects on the host through interactions with this host and with other components of the intestinal microbiota (39). However, in this ecological study, we found that this bifidobacterial species is only rarely found in intestinal biopsy samples whereas it is frequently detected in fecal samples, suggesting that this taxon may not be abundant among the intestine-adherent component of the human intestinal bifidobacteria. "<br />
<br />
Fecal bifidobacteria (good representation of mucosal concentrations, except for B lactis, B dentium):<br />
<i><b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">B longum 43.5%</span></b></i><br />
<i><b>B lactis 23%</b></i><br />
<i><b>B adolescentis 12%</b></i><br />
<i><b>B pseudocatenulatum 8%</b></i><br />
<i><b>B bifidum 6%</b></i><br />
<i><b>B breve 4%</b></i><br />
<i><b>B pseudolongum 2%</b></i><br />
<i><b>B dentium 1.5%</b></i><br />
<br />
Mucosal Associated Bifidobacteria (MAB):<br />
<b><i><span style="color: #3d85c6;">B longum 75%</span></i></b><br />
<b><i>B adolescentis 11%</i></b><br />
<b><i>B breve 5%</i></b><br />
<b><i>B pseudolongum 4%</i></b><br />
<b><i>B pseudocatenulatum 3%</i></b><br />
<b><i>B bifidum 1%</i></b><br />
<b><i>B lactis 1%</i></b><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4kfgONWAR3CyI533AoAKQmDSsv5UVe18ISo5muzgVhjPkx7cfC_Ado39uWuspADtLA3iPdFF-79RZHWI7uaqGjGDmAn6kBoq0upaj-pO1F51TuZlapcWA5H1bAPYrk4VKwsy_XnghjbOe/s1600/MAB+bifido+longum+75%25.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4kfgONWAR3CyI533AoAKQmDSsv5UVe18ISo5muzgVhjPkx7cfC_Ado39uWuspADtLA3iPdFF-79RZHWI7uaqGjGDmAn6kBoq0upaj-pO1F51TuZlapcWA5H1bAPYrk4VKwsy_XnghjbOe/s1600/MAB+bifido+longum+75%25.png" height="133" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://aem.asm.org/content/75/6/1534.full">Turroni et al 2009</a></td></tr>
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Tachon et al reports that in their study were high dosage HAM-RS2 were fed at 18% and 36% certain bifido strains were selected over others which lead to dominance of these populations. The<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01475.x/asset/supinfo/fem1475-sup-0003-FigureS3.jpg?v=1&s=f233b412edf6ec1134c98701e37d90bb5bf12541"> starch eating strains</a> overgrew (Fig S3). The non eating strains appeared to be suppressed: B breve, B bifidum, B longum, B adolescentis, and B. infantis. [B adolescentis and B breve actually can eat switch and ferment both inulin/FOS/GOS and cooked/raw starches].<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>Moreover, different Bifidobacterium species were</i><i>found in mice fed HAM-RS2.<span style="background-color: yellow;"> Bifidobacterium animalis</span></i><i>was specifically enriched in mice fed 36% HAM-RS2, and</i><i>this species was previously shown to degrade certain RS</i><i>formulations with greater efficiencies than species pseudolongum</i><i>and breve (Wronkowska et al., 2008).</i></blockquote>
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Does this happen in real life? I believe so and we will learn much much more after Allan obtains the raw data. In 2 N=1, B longum was assessed after intervention with high dosage raw potato starch and the numbers were non-existent or extremely low. If RS2 reduces Akk and Christensenella by competitive selection as we see in the Allan's experiment, then the same loss of diversity of bifidobacteria may be observed in Tachon et al's study where a high degree of overselection of B animalis and other starch-eating Bifidobacteria occurred.<br />
<br />
Degrading raw starches with oddly high efficiencies produces a gut flora that appears high in starch degraders and low in the non-starch degraders such as important B longum, B breve and B pseudocatenulatum. Their ecological niches cannot exist if it is overtaken by ultra fast starch degrading B animalis or other starch degraders like Bacteroides family or Ruminococcus, which are all enriched in raw potato starch reports.<br />
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<b id="docs-internal-guid-d59f1cf7-36bc-f257-4f3e-5053078a8b7f" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<b><u>3 N=1 B. LONGUM REPORTS</u></b><br />
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<b style="font-weight: normal;">Lastly I think it is important hold off on raw potato starch until confirmation of the presence of B longum and Akkermansia can be made. B longum is very special. It is one of the ultimate gut guardians and is found elevated and in vast abundance in healthy subjects' guts. Out of the 66 phylogenetic core species that Tap et al in his research discovered in healthy subjects in Europe, B longum is #5 in abundance and enrichment in their fecal contents. I call B longum ancestral because the great majority of the top 7 species in Tap et al's core microbiota are also found in Hadza, Burkina Faso, Malawi and other ancestral cultures that practice HG or ancient living and cooking practices. Tap et al's work as been confirmed in 4 regions (France, EU, USA, China). Here is a list of the <a href="http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/11717672/3536929.pdf?sequence=1">66 core</a>. B longum is dense and enriched in centenarians in two studies so far. It appears that we do not want to neglect this micro-organism.</b><br />
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<b style="font-weight: normal;">As Tony discussed how important it is to enforce lifestyle practices that are ancestral and good for us, I believe that replicating and replenishing gut flora which follow an imprint that mimics ancestral </b>patterns<b style="font-weight: normal;"> will improve not only gut health but overall longevity and leanness.</b><br />
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<b style="font-weight: normal;">Below are 3 N=1 reports. We are going to be unscientific and again compare apples with oranges! </b><br />
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<b style="font-weight: normal;">Report (a) is after high dosage raw potato starch. This individual probably started off with no B longum. Total bifido was 1/10th of normal. </b><br />
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<b style="font-weight: normal;">Report (b) is after a long duration on high dosage raw potato starch. Bifido was extremely high but was it all likely B animalis and no B longum? Report (c) is the same person (<a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/11/hadza-guts-have-ancestral-core.html?m=1">Tim Steele</a>) and shows the changes associated with discontinuing high dose RPS and starting real RS3-rich food (cooled tubers, beans, rice, grains). </b><br />
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<b><i>Intrepid gut explorer.</i></b> All the contents for this series and the past series (<a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/10/dont-take-raw-potato-starch-rps.html">Parts 1-5</a>) were approved by Tim to discuss several weeks. I brought up my observations and concerns very early on. He gave his approval to discuss all my concerns, precautions and problems for adverse effects generated by high dosage RS2 including concern for his liver, his high liver tests, SIBO/upper gut dysfunction, fatty liver/NASH, depletions of gut guardians including Akkermansia, and possible connections to the gut obesity fingerprint that is created with high dosage raw potato starch/RS2, the studies, the other N=1s, etc. He is an bold citizen of science and declined the three times that I asked him if he wanted me to omit his data. We've had ongoing discussions including on our comment sections of both of our blogs. In case you were not aware: "<span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.1599998474121px; text-align: justify;">Grace has been privy to all of my gut tests, labs, and health concerns as a friend, not a doctor. I gave her express permission to discuss them how she sees fit. I think that this information needs to be shared freely. If I had a problem with any of this, Grace would be the first to know. I don't have a problem with her discussing me or my experiments. They are out there for everyone to see and interpret as they wish."</span><br />
<br />
<br />
N=1 for 2 reports (b and c): What appeared to occur to the gut microbiota on switching from high dose RS2 to no RS2 (comparing, again, apples to oranges)?<br />
<ul>
<li>Akk was previously low 17-fold below normal and then almost doubled. </li>
<li>Christensenella was undetectable earlier then increased and was more than half of normal of controls. <span style="background-color: yellow;">RS3 (<a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2013/11/how-to-cure-sibo-small-intestinal-bowel_13.html">cooled-crystallized starches</a>) and inulin 10g/day may have boosted this impressive and leanness-building gut flora. Stopping raw potato starch may be part of this successful equation.</span></li>
<li>B. longum was nearly undetectable, 2000-fold below normal (but at least present! lol). We have no prior # to compare. </li>
<li>B. animalis predominates at ~90% of all bifidobacteria detected in stools. Ancestral? Healthy?</li>
</ul>
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="114"></col><col width="75"></col><col width="60"></col><col width="65"></col><col width="65"></col></colgroup><tbody>
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<span style="background-color: #c9daf8; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ANCESTRAL</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #c9daf8; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CORE </span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">N=1 (a)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20-40g RS2</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">x 1 month</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">N=1 (b)</span><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">→</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20-40g RS2</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10-20g RS3</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">x over 1 yr</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">N=1 (c)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NO RS2 </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[NO RAW STARCH]</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">x ~2 mos</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #c9daf8; border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #c9daf8; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Human Phylogenetic </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #c9daf8; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Core Species </span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">VLC DIET</span></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">UBIOME</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">uBiome Normal</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Avg</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">PHD </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CARBS 100-150 g</span></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">AMGUT</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10g inulin</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">40g RS3 rich</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">REAL FOOD</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">uBiome</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 107px;"><td style="background-color: yellow; border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">HIGH DOSE RS2 MAY SUPPRESS 3 SPECIES</span></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B longum</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(psyllium, inulin, GOS, yacon eating)</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><br />
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">undetect </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">below 0.0001</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">below </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">normal</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><br />
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.4-0.5*</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><br />
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[low?] </span><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">→</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><br />
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.0021</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2000-fold below normal</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: yellow; border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: yellow; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Akkermansia</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3.52</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">above</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">normal</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1.2%</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.07 </span><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">→</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">17-fold below normal</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.12</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10-fold below normal</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: yellow; border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: yellow; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">+Christensenella</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.0076</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">below normal</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.0120</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Undetect</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">below 0.001</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">More than 10-fold below normal</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.0048</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2.5 fold below normal but improved on ZERO</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">RAW POTATO STARCH </span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #e06666; border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #e06666; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">HIGH DOSE RS2 </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #e06666; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">OVERSELECTS SEVERAL SPECIES</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><br /></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #e06666; border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #e06666; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bifidobacteria</span></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #e06666; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">+B.animalis</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #e06666; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(starch eating)</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.0712</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">None</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.88%</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11.32</span></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>unknown</b></span></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8.81</span></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7.90</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Not ancestral or part of phylogenetic human core</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Replaces</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B longum?</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<b><u>CONCLUSION AND ACTIONS</u></b><br />
<br />
Consider amplifying the gut guardian species associated with leanness and longevity for optimal health: B longum, Akkermansia, and Christensenella.<br />
Temporarily stop high dosage raw potato starch to halt the growth suppression of vital barrier protective gut flora<br />
Consider adding in foods and prebiotics that raise specifically B longum and Akkermansia<br />
Try the <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2013/11/how-to-cure-sibo-small-intestinal-bowel.html">7 steps</a> to optimize your digestion, leanness and longevityDr. B Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15451872961651116061noreply@blogger.com73tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6780103924890350442.post-90394330859201323092014-12-06T10:19:00.002-08:002014-12-06T10:19:43.521-08:00New Bulletproof Podcast with Dave Asprey: Dr. Grace Liu: Fixing the Gut Microbiome with Resistant Starch and Probiotics – #177<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><u>Dr. Grace Liu: Fixing the Gut Microbiome with Resistant Starch and Probiotics – #177</u></b></span></div>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-d59f1cf7-20c6-8e83-a996-e4e18d4f8998" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Click </span><a href="https://www.bulletproofexec.com/dr-grace-liu-fixing-the-gut-microbiome-with-resistant-starch-and-probiotics-177/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">HERE</span></a></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Here are some resources that I discussed or were related:</span></div>
<br />
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19254816" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yacon syrup: beneficial effects on obesity and insulin resistance in humans.</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Inulin containing lowers body fat 33 lbs.</span></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24969566" style="color: #292f33; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Inulin-type fructans modulate intestinal Bifidobacterium species populations and decrease fecal short-chain fatty acids in obese women</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="color: #6aa84f;">Bifidobacteria longum</span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> significantly increased. Per author communication: </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="color: #6aa84f;">Akkermansia</span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> increased too. BMI and insulin resistance all decreased significantly with inulin. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="color: #6aa84f;">Akkermansia</span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="color: #6aa84f;">Bifidobacteria longum</span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> are associated with the lean core microbiota -- we want these for longevity and disease-free lifestyles as well.</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/08/sorry-resistant-starch-is-unlikely-to.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">RS2 animal studies may not translate well to human application</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Animal studies show significant body fat and weight loss; however 4 human studies fail to replicate any improvements</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22955365" style="color: #292f33; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cultivable and pyrosequenced fecal microflora in centenarians and young subjects.</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">High </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="color: #6aa84f;">Bifidobacteria longum</span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is extraordinarily characteristic in centenarians and corresponds with super low opportunistic gut growths.</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22909308" style="color: #292f33; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">RS2-HAM high dosage 18% appears to lower important immunoprotective (human) core species: Bifidobacteria longum (but not animal ones), Roseburia cluster XIVa and F. prausnitzii</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="color: #6aa84f;">Bifidobacteria longum</span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> appears to get starved and suppressed it seems per the authors' observations at high dosage RS2 18% and 36%. RS2 HAM does selectively feed good gut flora but these same populations also feed happily off starches, RS3 and inulin as well.</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In autoimmune, autism/spectrum, arthritis, IBS, IBD, GERD/heartburn and other inflammatory conditions, the RS2-eaters may predominate in a dysbiotic gut. Paleo guts often have these microbial 'signatures' I have noticed. </span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">RS2 may silently and insiduously worsen the microbial pattern so best to test, don't guess: </span><a href="https://www.gdx.net/core/interpretive-guides/GI-Effects-IG.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">GDX Stool 2200</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and </span><a href="https://www.gdx.net/product/nutreval-fm-nutritional-test-blood-urine" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">urine/blood NutriEval</span></a></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">My body fat burning </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2013/11/how-to-cure-sibo-small-intestinal-bowel.html" style="text-decoration: none;">'bionic fiber'= INULIN + AC (version B)</a></span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/111/36/13145.abstract">Roseburia/XIVa</a> protects and reverses peanut food allergies in recent animal model</div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/08/exercise-step-6-to-be-lean-healthy.html">Akkermansia</a> is a key gut player for leanness and insulin sensitivity</div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=longum+gliadin">Bifidobacteria longum</a> in human studies improves many health parameters (anxiety, high cholesterol, low HDL, high triglycerides, gut dysbiosis, fungal infections, IBD, IBS, GERD/heartburn, diabetes, obesity, metabolic disorders) including also significantly the gut inflammation related to gluten/gliadin.</div>
</li>
</ul>
<br />Dr. B Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15451872961651116061noreply@blogger.com38tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6780103924890350442.post-63149978903455013882014-11-25T09:56:00.002-08:002014-12-06T12:07:32.932-08:00HADZA GUTS HAVE THE ANCESTRAL CORE MICROBIOTA IN ABUNDANCE; High Dose RAW Starch Can Suppress Bifidobacteria, Roseburia, F. prausnitzii That Make Us Human (Part II)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBovIH7YNkK1-IXL0WsTm6XNr33AK3VK24HRHjqz8yeDS6kIGa1eBf6iR5eujV104hp2Nbyg6H3nueXIVoLGhAWu34dmeZFEBPVxuPnLTh81iHSfPyY8OCdDWvxL2A1Zq1U0MYjEOQ0pI-/s1600/Baobab+tree.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBovIH7YNkK1-IXL0WsTm6XNr33AK3VK24HRHjqz8yeDS6kIGa1eBf6iR5eujV104hp2Nbyg6H3nueXIVoLGhAWu34dmeZFEBPVxuPnLTh81iHSfPyY8OCdDWvxL2A1Zq1U0MYjEOQ0pI-/s1600/Baobab+tree.jpg" height="211" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.7272720336914px;">Baobab Tree<br />
Harvested by Hadza: fruit, seeds, honey, bark, etc</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><u><br />
</u></b> <b><u>COOKING BROADENED HUMAN UTILIZATION AND FORAGING OF WILD AND TOXIC PLANTS</u></b><br />
<b><u><br />
</u></b>Let's neo-romanticize the Hadza hunter-gatherer studies for a moment. They eat a diet rich in starchy tubers, raw roots, chewing some of the tough, fibrous ones for several minutes, extracting as much starch, nutrients and energy as they can. The carbohydrate content varies from 27 to 70% of the tuber (see chart at end). Fiber varies from 3-35%. Cooking generally breaks tough fibers down. Stewing, boiling and roasting all make these more easily chewable and thus digestible.<br />
<br />
Fermentation does as well. <a href="http://ancestrallifestyle.blogspot.com/2013/01/raw-and-raw-fermented-paleo-tubers.html">Paleophil has a short list of tubers</a> that are fermented to process them into safe to eat starches (truly ancient 'safe starches' lol). Several varieties were put underground and allowed to pickle/ferment to remove toxins. The great majority of tubers on earth are toxic if raw. Nature provided underground protection for them. Potatoes contain <a href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/T0207E/T0207E08.htm">trypsin and protease inhibitors</a> (never fed raw to livestock or eaten by humans raw) and cassava, cyanide derivatives. In Africa, co-evolution of consumption of toxic cassava may have actually conferred an advantage by <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2571427/pdf/jnma00290-0053.pdf">improving sickle cell anemia</a>. On the other hand, trypsin inhibitors in yams and potatoes are heat labile and easily deactivated by cooking. Heat rapidly degrades these toxins, making them safe for eating for everyone: small toddlers, children, elderly and adults.<br />
<br />
In Africa and the tropics, extracts from toxic potatoes and yams can even be isolated for use in making <a href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/T0207E/T0207E08.htm">poison arrows for hunting wild game</a>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><u>RS3 AND RS2 FEED DIFFERENT FLORA IN THE GUT</u></b><br />
<br />
<div>
Cooked starches with skins feed the great majority of our gut flora whereas raw, native starches feed only a few (but important few). From recent gut profiles from individuals who submitted samples to Genova, uBIOME and American Gut, a distinct pattern emerges if a high-dose raw resistant starch diet is implemented. Diversity is markedly low. The immunoprotective Roseburia/clostridia XIVa are missing. Is Roseburia important? I think so -- it is one of the strains that make us human, no hamsters or chimps. See prior post: <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/11/bifidobacteria-longum-roseburia-f.html">Bifidobacteria longum, Roseburia, F. prausnitzii (and Akkermansia) Made Us Human (NONE OF THESE EAT RAW POTATO STARCH) (Part 1) NSFW</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b id="docs-internal-guid-1b2b1715-91a8-9835-068d-9f0f5b6f8261"><u>N=1, THREE HIGH-DOSE RS2 INTREPID SELF-EXPERIMENTERS</u></b><br />
<br />
Here are 3 individuals (reports: a, b, c) who biohacked their guts and used high dose RS2 for a period of time before submitting stool samples to various testing groups: uBIOME, American Gut.<br />
<br />
Bacteroidetes-Prevotella and Bacteroides overlap -- they both consume RS2 heartily and easily, as you can see below. On the other hand, the great majority of the core ancestral microbiota do not and with report c, one may observe that even consuming significant fiber as RS3, the Roseburia fails to 'bloom' in the gut. Normally RS3 (alone, sans RS2) feeds or cross-feeds Roseburia extensively based on <a href="http://hmpdacc.org/doc/Alan%20Walker.pdf">Alan Walker et al research group</a>. These 2 groups Prevotella and Bacteroides are big starch eaters of cooked digestible carbohydrates as well as resistant starch (cooked cooled, RS3). So they eat EVERYTHING. This is what I have an overgrowth of on/off the last few years of gut healing (and didn't realize). Prevotella is implicated in many cases of dysbiosis and uppergut overgrowths (SIBO/SIFO). Ck out pubmed: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=prevotella%20dysbiosis">Prevotella/dysbiosis</a>.<br />
--T2 diabetes/Obesity<br />
--colorectal cancer<br />
--T1 diabetes<br />
--IBD (Crohn's, UC)<br />
--IBS-C IBS-D<br />
--colorectal cancer<br />
--HIV infection<br />
<br />
When I saw the <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2013/09/my-n1-pre-and-post-microbiome-digestion.html">Prevotella on my stool reports</a> I had previously (up until a few weeks) HEY THIS IS LIKE THE HEALTHY BURKINA FASO KIDS. I was totally wrong. My gut was like the dysbiotic HIV and other gut disrupted subjects <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24034618">actually</a>.<br />
<br />
I've had a lot of questions more than evolution lately:<br />
<br />
What is the pattern that high dose RS2 exerts on the flora?<br />
Does the resultant flora appear Bacteroides heavy and dominant? Why?<br />
What is overgrown?<br />
What is suppressed?<br />
Does this have implications for the host?<br />
<br />
Also if a gut is dysbiotic and we throw fire on the flame, will this cause dysbiotic-related metabolic changes? The research is inconsistent but I think the answer is, yes. It is entirely gut dependent. Many do great on raw potato starch and see gut healing. Others may run into obstacles like mine. Even testing for me didn't reveal the obstacles.<br />
<br />
Dr Bill Lagakos reviews some studies where RPS or HAM-RS2 may worsen insulin by raising it and adversely effect blood sugars: <a href="http://caloriesproper.com/on-resistant-starch-and-blood-glucose-control/">here</a>. It is not every study but appears to be seen in studies that are more recent IMHO and I suspect that the influence of livestock and human antibiotics adversely skewing our gut flora.<br />
<br />
Journal club: <a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/o0eict51sr698nm/Resistant%20starch%20and%20arabinoxylan%20augment%20SCFA%20absorption%2C%20but%20%20affect%20postprandial%20glucose%20and%20insulin%20responses%20differently.pdf?dl=0">new study in healthy pig gut flora, RS2 appears to raise insulin</a><br />
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-1b2b1715-931d-4da7-8610-367fb00480bf"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span>
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="114"></col><col width="94"></col><col width="86"></col><col width="74"></col><col width="100"></col></colgroup><tbody>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gut Microbe</span></div>
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<br />
<br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Genus Level</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ANCESTRAL</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CORE</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">N=1 (a)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20-40g RS2</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">VLC</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">UBIOME</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">N=1 (b)</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10-20g RS2</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">VLC</span></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">UBIOME</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">uBiome Normal</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Avg</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">N=1 (c)</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20-40g RS2</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10-20g RS3</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">PHD CARBS 100-150 g</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br />
</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">AMGUT</span></div>
</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Akkermansia</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3.52</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ffe599; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">undetect</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1.2%</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ffe599; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.07</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">F. prausnitzii</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8.56</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ffe599; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3.58</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9.3%</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ffe599; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4.8</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Roseburia</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ffe599; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.601</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ffe599; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.166</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3.4%</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ffe599; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.4</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Eubacterium</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ffe599; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.0591</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ffe599; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.00310</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.9%</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ffe599; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.1</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: cyan; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">HIGH DOSE RS2 APPEARS TO</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">OVERSELECT</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bacteroides</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(+B-Prevotella)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: cyan; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">28.0</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(+undetect)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: cyan; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.617</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(+77.4)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: cyan; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9.4%</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(+7.36%)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: cyan; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">46.2</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(+undetect)</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bifidobacteria</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ffe599; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">undetect</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ffe599; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.0311</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.88%</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11.32</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ruminococcus</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ffe599; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2.21</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #ffe599; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.292</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6.06%</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13.0</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">HIGHLIGHTED: </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #292f33; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">suppressed immunoprotective and butyrate-producting gut flora</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><u>HADZA GUTS (AND HEALTHY MEDITERRANEAN) HAVE NEARLY ALL THE ANCESTRAL CORE MICROBIOTA</u></b><br />
<br />
See below - this is comparing apples and oranges but let's do it for fun anyway. Comparing healthy (no inflammation or disease) Italians on the Mediterranean diet and Hadza guts, nearly every species of the 7 ancestral core microbiota of healthy humans (<a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/08/ahs14-my-talk-is-up-re-savaging-gut.html">per Julien Tap et al research</a>) are accounted for. They are similar or in higher abundance than USA ubiome healthy averages.<br />
<br />
It is questionable whether or not the Hadza are truly 'missing' bifido or that lab errors in collection and subsequent bifido determination happened. Personally I think bifido are there!<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="background-color: #edeae3; font-family: minion-pro, Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;">“The conclusions about relative proportions of bacteria are likely not valid,” says </span><a href="https://knightlab.colorado.edu/https:/knightlab.colorado.edu/" style="background-color: #edeae3; color: #808285; font-family: minion-pro, Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;">Rob Knight</a><span style="background-color: #edeae3; font-family: minion-pro, Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;">, a microbiome scientist with expertise in technical issues. “Unfortunately there is no published reference for this yet; we’re working on one.” It’s not clear if this problem affects the study’s other conclusions, like the lack of Bifidobacteria. Source: <a href="http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2014/04/15/first-look-at-the-microbes-of-modern-hunter-gatherers/">NATGEO</a></span></i></blockquote>
<br />
<br />
For those on high dose raw starches -- you may observe vast differences.<br />
<ul>
<li>the bifidobacteria are absent or nearly extinct (except for report c). </li>
<li>F. prausnitizii which typically makes up 10-20% of healthy stool microbiota is only HALF OR LESS of 'normal' for either a hunter-gatherer Hadza or Western urbanite. </li>
<li>Bacteroides appears overselected</li>
<li>low eubacteria </li>
<li>no Roseburia/cluster XIVa</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<br />
To me the most striking losses are bifido, F prausnitzii and Roseburia. These are hugely immunomodulating to the point where when these are used as probiotics in animal models, it is observed that disease and inflammation reverse. Bifidobacteria longum has been widely studied and since it is so easy to culture and grow, offered as a commercial probiotic for years.<br />
<br />
Roseburia has recently been shown to reverse peanut allergies in a rodent model. In the gut, this is the superstar butyrate producer. I think Roseburia/XIVa was key for me when I reversed gluten and dairy allergies after gut healing with eating soil probiotics, <i>B longum</i> probiotics (FloraMEND), steamed mountain white yams and purple potatoes (high RS3 diet) and consuming daily fermented root vegetables. Roseburia eats everything (except raw starches); its favorite foods are inulin, GOS (beans or supplements), chitin, beta glucan (grains, oats, mushrooms) and cooked starches (RS3). I talked about Roseburia <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/08/r-intestinalis-is-big-phat-butyrate.html">HERE</a>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><u>FIRE CHANGED OUR GUT FLORA </u></b><br />
<br /></div>
<div>
After hominids utilized fire as a routine tool to increase and unlock the energy content in USOs (underground storage organs), tubers, seeds and rhizomes, our gut flora of course adapted to this. I suspect that with routine employment of cooking, our human gut flora began to love RS3 and the additional fibers that came along it in roasted tubers, roots legumes and seeds.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Let's look at the Hadza. Their current diet is high in wild African, starchy tubers. Both children and adults use sticks to forage these from the shallow ground in gallery forests and by vegetation near water sources. The amount of starch and RS is relatively lower than <a href="http://www.anthro.ucsd.edu/faculty-staff/profiles/files/Marlett%20etal.2001.pdf">Western varieties though</a>. Contrary to what most people think, I think they eat a low net carb diet because their carb, fruit and berry sources are all extremely high in fiber. They do love their honey harvested from the hives in their native baobab trees. The fiber spectrum in their diets are not low but and I believe this is vastly reflected in the diversity which is almost double that of the healthy urban Italian cohort.<br />
<br />
Below I compare their relative dominance in terms of the ancestral core human microbiota (<span style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"> </span><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/140415/ncomms4654/extref/ncomms4654-s1.pdf" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Nature</a>).</div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-1b2b1715-9139-e03d-6981-d3597ee1231c"><br />
</span> <br />
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;">
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="114"></col><col width="94"></col><col width="86"></col><col width="74"></col><col width="97"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gut Microbe</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Genus Level</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ANCESTRAL</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CORE</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">HADZA</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">BETTER</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">GUT DIVERSITY</span></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20-60g RS3</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">African Tubers+</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.7272720336914px; line-height: 13.5909090042114px; white-space: pre-wrap;">MEDITERR-</b><br />
<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12.7272720336914px; line-height: 13.5909090042114px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>ANEAN </b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12.7272720336914px; line-height: 13.5909090042114px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>DIET</b></span></span></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Italian Cohort</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><br />
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">uBiome Normal</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Avg</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">N=1 (c)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small; line-height: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: red;">HIGH DOSE</span></b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>RAW POTATO
STARCH RS2</b></span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20-40g RS2</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10-20g RS3</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: yellow; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">F. prausnitzii</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11.8</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">18.5</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9.3%</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4.8</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: yellow; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Roseburia</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3.9</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7.7</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3.4%</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.4</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: yellow; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Eubacterium</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2.2</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1.4</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.9%</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.1</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bacteroides</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B-Prevotella</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.2</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6.2</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7.1</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.4</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="line-height: 1;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9.4%</span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">7.36</span></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">46.2</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(na)</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bifidobacteria</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.02</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8.1</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0.88%</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11.32</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ruminococcus</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2.1</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8.6</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6.06%</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13.0</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
(+ guesstimated)</div>
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<div style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: normal;">
Ancestral core species were sequenced and quantified in relative abundance. Hadza guts have a ton of diversity -- they are not short any of the immunoprotective or the bugs that produce buttloads of BUTYRATE:</div>
<ul style="line-height: normal;">
<li><i>F. prausnitzii</i></li>
<li><i>Roseburia</i></li>
<li><i>Eubacterium</i></li>
</ul>
</div>
What I observe is that with high dose RS2, an overselection of gut flora that specialize in raw starches and the de-selection (?suppression) of other species despite adequate consumption of other substrates (RS3). Losing diversity in the gut is the problem with aging/inflammaging, disease and debilitation in the Western world. What is ancestral? What is optimal for a diversified and robust gut?<br />
<br />
I've polled a few gut researchers because I don't know sh*t about the gut microbiota. They say that it is highly plausible for overselection and competition of substrate media by a single group of gut flora, to the suppression or detriment of other gut flora.<br />
<br />
If I neo-romanticize the Hadza, I would say keeping all fiber in context is helpful. Each person's ancestry play into this. Those who emerged from near the Fertile Crescent are likely to tolerate grains better. I'm Asian and I think we favor legumes, tubers and white rice and more net carbohydrates than those of northern Europeans/Asians or aboriginal ancestry.<br />
<br />
Thoughts?<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi021kvViLrRN1rslzpyxwbikmHb6NA36lSydZiN09UEuqNoDvZ93SAcAGqtRMEveCydG5LFU4OwMC4XYBjSjXBo909V7s1prByqq6Cbr10P5OFi7kuLy3uqSNu-geHoQq80GG3xGL78Uci/s1600/hadza+tuber+insoluble+FIBER.001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi021kvViLrRN1rslzpyxwbikmHb6NA36lSydZiN09UEuqNoDvZ93SAcAGqtRMEveCydG5LFU4OwMC4XYBjSjXBo909V7s1prByqq6Cbr10P5OFi7kuLy3uqSNu-geHoQq80GG3xGL78Uci/s1600/hadza+tuber+insoluble+FIBER.001.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.7272720336914px;">Hadza wild African cooked tuber<br />
2 slices of one mak’alitako tuber (Emminia entennulifa)<br />
Chewed for ~3min to extract carbs and nutrients<br />
Spit out insoluble 'CUD'</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidPd3stZhKHKaV5VeuBuCHCNvq55kYm0s8jcFTyCy1DplcK9LXOixcLEE-5KTURKBr8sxyp4T1wjZsPeraYYwDV1OPuRE3dfE_Ig3tGjaDCrbSKBkhocslu1OSUTVpI09eXNE0xlRV1LZF/s1600/HADZA+FOOD+STARCHES.001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidPd3stZhKHKaV5VeuBuCHCNvq55kYm0s8jcFTyCy1DplcK9LXOixcLEE-5KTURKBr8sxyp4T1wjZsPeraYYwDV1OPuRE3dfE_Ig3tGjaDCrbSKBkhocslu1OSUTVpI09eXNE0xlRV1LZF/s1600/HADZA+FOOD+STARCHES.001.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.7272720336914px;">Source: <a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/140415/ncomms4654/extref/ncomms4654-s1.pdf">Nature</a><br />
Hadza hunter forager diet</td></tr>
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Dr. B Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15451872961651116061noreply@blogger.com133tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6780103924890350442.post-44486316580740194322014-11-17T10:42:00.000-08:002014-11-17T21:25:36.945-08:00New GG Podcast: EPISODE 06 WEED THY GUT<a href="http://restoretheflora.com/gut-guardian-podcast-episode-06-understanding-yeasts-and-skin-flora/">Gut Guardian Podcast: Episode 06 – Understanding Yeasts and Skin Flora</a><br />
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Yeasts, they are in our breads, beers, and in and on our body. Matt asks Dr. Grace how to deal with lingering skin issues that he attributes to yeasts. Dr. Grace explains tips on how to distinguish if skin issues are caused by a topical problem or a deeper issue residing in our guts. And just when you thought probiotics would only work for your gut, there is a formula for your skin flora!<br />
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Enjoy the episode!<br />
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<b><u>Show Notes</u></b><br />
<h3 style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px; outline: none; word-wrap: break-word;">
<a href="http://www.medicalinsider.com/bacterial.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Information on Yeasts</span></a></h3>
<h3 style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px; outline: none; word-wrap: break-word;">
<a href="http://www.iherb.com/Ecco-Bella-Hair-and-Scalp-Therapy-Shampoo-Green-Tea-and-Neem-8-fl-oz-200-ml/16291" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Dr. Graces Recommended Hair Treatment </span></a></h3>
<h3 style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px; outline: none; word-wrap: break-word;">
<a href="http://www.iherb.com/Earth-Mama-Angel-Baby-Bottom-Balm-2-fl-oz-60-ml/21245" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Another Skin Flora Helper (Apply to Skin/Scalp before bed and wash in morning)</span></a></h3>
<h3 style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px; outline: none; word-wrap: break-word;">
<a href="https://www.aobiome.com/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">AOBiome</span></a></h3>
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Podcast: <a class="powerpress_link_pinw" href="http://restoretheflora.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Skin-Yeasts.mp3" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank" title="Play in new window">Play in new window</a> | <a class="powerpress_link_d" download="Skin-Yeasts.mp3" href="http://restoretheflora.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Skin-Yeasts.mp3" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" title="Download">Download</a></div>
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Dr. B Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15451872961651116061noreply@blogger.com119tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6780103924890350442.post-90118439953257035922014-11-09T13:58:00.001-08:002014-11-10T08:25:25.728-08:00Bifidobacteria longum, Roseburia, F. prausnitzii (and Akkermansia) Made Us Human (NONE OF THESE EAT RAW POTATO STARCH) (Part 1) NSFW<div style="text-align: center;">
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<b><u>Journal Club today:</u></b><br />
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<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/avv9fc7dyso5dc0/PNAS-2014-Moeller-1419136111.pdf?dl=0">Moeller et al PNAS 2014</a> 'Rapid changes in the gut microbiome during human evolution'<br />
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<b><u>Fig 1.</u></b> Compositional changes in the gut microbiome during African ape diversification. Shifts in relative abundances of microbial genera within the gut microbiome were inferred for each branch of the host phylogeny. Genera whose relative abundances increased or decreased are listed above or below each branch within blue-shaded or yellow-shaded boxes, respectively.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.7272720336914px;">Moeller et al PNAS 2014<br />
<b>Ancestral Core:</b><br />
<i><b>Roseburia, F. prausnitzii, BIFIDOBACTERIA,</b></i><br />
<i><b>Bacteroides, Clostridium</b></i></td></tr>
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<b><u>Highlights</u></b>:<br />
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Ancestral Core:<br />
Roseburia, F. prausnitzii, BIFIDOBACTERIA, Bacteroides, Clostridium<br />
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The ancestral core made us human. These are enriched 2 to 5-fold in humans through deep evolutionary time compared to our wild African chimp and ape cousins. These gut flora eat a range of plant polysaccharides but the more immunoprotective, the more they are likely to consume breastmilk-like oligosaccharides (inulin type fructans, GOS, raffinose family oligosaccharides) and inulin. Roseburia, F. prausnitzii, BIFIDOBACTERIA and Clostridium thrive and crossfeed on RS3 and inulin/oligosaccharides, but not raw starches/RS2.<br />
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"Changes in the composition of the microbiome accrued steadily as African apes diversified, but human microbiomes have diverged at an accelerated pace ow- ing to a dramatic loss of ancestral microbial diversity. These results suggest that the human microbiome has undergone a substantial transformation since the human–chimpanzee split."<br />
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"For instance, the relative abundances of Prevotella and Bacteriodes were negatively correlated within each host population." <b> <i>Prevotella are high grain-eaters, seen high in Burkina Faso children and those consuming whole-grain-based diets. Bacteroides are versatile -- they consume everything: carbs/grains, fats, andmeat/protein.</i></b><br />
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"Relative abundances of Bacteroides were always positively correlated with those of Ruminococcus and Parabacteroides." <i><b>Bacteroides again are big meat-and-potatoes fans. </b></i><br />
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"We identified 35 instances in which the relative abundance of a microbial taxon shifted since the divergences of the extant species of African ape (Fig. 1), 17 of which occurred in humans since the divergence of Homo and Pan. Several of these changes in the composition of the human microbiome have functional implications for host nutrition." <i><b>The introduction of diverse, high-fiber, <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/06/contupdate-2-rs2-and-rs3-are-not.html">high-RS3</a> cooked starches changed many things for humans including the evolution of their gut flora: seeds (lotus, quinoa, fenugreek, buckwheat, etc), legumes, lentils, <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2013/11/how-to-cure-sibo-small-intestinal-bowel.html">roasted tubers-rhizomes</a>, whole soaked nuts, ground nut flours (tigernut 'cakes', acorn 'pancakes'), maize (porridges, tortilla), <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2013/11/how-to-cure-sibo-small-intestinal-bowel_13.html">whole grains (oats, millet, maize, sorghum, teff, amaranth, black/red/brown/purple rices)</a>, etc.</b></i><br />
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<b><u>Humans Expanded Their Food and Ecological Niches By Taming Fire</u></b><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Whole Real Food</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g = </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">~ ½ cup</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Inulin-Oligosaccharide Content</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">RS3 Content</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chicory root</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">41g </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jerusalem artichoke</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">18g </span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dandelion greens</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13g </span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Onion (raw or cooked)</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4g </span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Garlic (raw or cooked)</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">25g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3g </span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cowpea, White Lupin</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4g</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lentils, Chickpeas, Hummus</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2-4g</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pinto Beans (cooked/cooled)</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3g </span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10g</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Purple Potato (roasted/cooled)</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">na</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15-19g</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yams (boiled/cooled)</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">na</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6-8g</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Potato (boiled/cooled)</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">na</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3-7g</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rice (cooked/cooled)</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">na</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1-2g</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Long grain Rice (cooked/cool)</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">na</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2-3g</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sushi Rice (cooked/cool)</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100g</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">na</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3-4g</span></div>
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<br />
<br />
<b><u>Other Highlights</u></b><br />
<br />
"The relative abundance of Bacteroides, which has been positively associated with diets rich in animal fat and protein (9), has increased in relative abundance more than fivefold in humans. Conversely, the archaeon Methanobrevibacter, which promotes the degradation of complex plant polysaccharides by using the end products of fermentation for methanogenesis (10), has undergone a more than fivefold reduction within humans."<br />
<br />
"Fossil and genetic evidence in- dicate that the divergence times for African apes range from 5 to 13 mya for the chimpanzee–human split and from 8 to 16 mya for the human–gorilla split (12, 13)."<br />
<br />
"Despite the clock-like nature of microbiome diversification in African apes, the gut microbiomes of US humans have undergone an accelerated rate of change and are more different from those of each wild ape population than expected based on the evolutionary time separating Homo from Pan and Gorilla. Based on genus-level BCD, the microbiomes of <b><u>US humans are more different from those of Malawi humans </u></b>than the gut microbiomes of Malawi humans are from those of bonobos." <b><i>We started cooking and routine control of fire. Hunting, fishing and broad spectrum foraging allowed us to travel and </i></b><b><i>massively </i></b><b><i>change our diets and ecosystem roles and niches. As apex predators, we took over the globe.</i></b><br />
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUOpWnFC3NhDwILYftCnDodixlgYv6p_8a3Ku99FWQ933t8J-jIbWB7MId924aKHe7mAumSlaNdhyaI-3rsG-mf3JuIZVEuyVoJ9NrTG5RKZ11sIeQdRKYFz2MWklghLhWXsc3oQvK_uCO/s1600/HUNNAN+SEXXXXY+GUTS.001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUOpWnFC3NhDwILYftCnDodixlgYv6p_8a3Ku99FWQ933t8J-jIbWB7MId924aKHe7mAumSlaNdhyaI-3rsG-mf3JuIZVEuyVoJ9NrTG5RKZ11sIeQdRKYFz2MWklghLhWXsc3oQvK_uCO/s1600/HUNNAN+SEXXXXY+GUTS.001.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.7272720336914px;">Men's Health 2014 (current issue)<br />
Sexxxy Guts for a special EvMed reader<br />
<b>Hamster?<i> Homo sapien</i>? <i>Pan</i> GUTS???</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<b><u>NUTRIGENOMICS AND DIET</u></b><br />
<br />
Even <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/search/label/Homo%20neanderthalensis">Neanderthals harvested small seed grains</a> and used fire routinely to cook on hearths. I suspect however they didn't adapt to the gluten ones well and may have had genetics like HLA DQ2.2, DQ2/8 that are related to higher gluten damage and gut devastation with raw or unfermented gluten grains (eg sourdough, lacto fermented porridges, etc). Neanderthals reigned for tens of thousands of years but with agrarian dominance and reliance on gluten containing spelt, emmer, barley and rye, I believe it took a toll on Neanderthal guts. Their numbers gradually dwindled from 50,000 years to 25-40 thousand years ago. Modern humans may be seeing similar gut devastation: slow disease and debilitation; epidemic infertility; mental illness and cognitive decline. Modern skeletons are shrinking, craniums de-evolving.<br />
<br />
One thing in common tubers, roots, seeds, nuts, grains and legumes have are the fact that they are all 'plant babies' and thus share many common nutrients - protein, storage carbohydrates and protection from cold/frost/mechanical stressors. These translate to better nutrients for those that consume them as well if the anti-nutrients don't get them first. Resistant starch, inulin and oligosaccharides are the signaling molecules which buffer and aid plants to survive the rough elements from weather or wind.<br />
<br />
Not everyone can consume grains which are high carb and gluten-damaging. Most can eat high fiber, heirloom potatoes and yams which are how many current ancestral societies still thrive. Legumes and non-gluten grains (millet, maize, rice, teff, oats) which are low glycemic index (not impact blood sugars) are also typically well tolerated. Notable cultures that follow traditions ferment, soak and cook these as their staples.<br />
<br />
Copies of <a href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n10/abs/ng2123.html">AMY1</a>, <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/search/label/Apo%20E4%2F4">Apo E2</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0094863">FUT2</a> secretor status, and <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/search/label/Nutrigenomics">non-MTHFR</a> genes may regulate who CAN versus who CANNOT tolerate the abundance from the fertile crescent and heavy agrarian societies.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqwbSj0VyiM__cJZTTJ4-E9plp8CdLfH7Rb10iDqo1qcJ6fyMJaT7q9Shr5PRqp_G3zgIV7vqbdyQNv53rrgO-hc-6fwiROlry9zgucTPaN7J6nviOViR4oSKFUs_eawJQI8R0CJuv4hlm/s1600/AMY1.001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqwbSj0VyiM__cJZTTJ4-E9plp8CdLfH7Rb10iDqo1qcJ6fyMJaT7q9Shr5PRqp_G3zgIV7vqbdyQNv53rrgO-hc-6fwiROlry9zgucTPaN7J6nviOViR4oSKFUs_eawJQI8R0CJuv4hlm/s1600/AMY1.001.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Adaptive Drool in the Gene Pool: AMY1<br />
<a href="http://pritchardlab.stanford.edu/publications/pdfs/NovembreEtAl07.pdf">Novembre et al Nature 2007</a><br />
Low AMY1 Copy (High Starch Intolerant) v. High AMY1 Copy</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><u>TUBERS ROOTS SEEDS NUTS GRAINS AND LEGUMES</u></b><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23628720">Bernstein et al (Nutrients 2013</a>) examined the fiber spectrum in whole seeds and grains -- certain populations on earth get a lot of variety of fiber and RS from whole grains, including inulin, inulin-type <b><span style="color: magenta;">fructans</span></b> (ITF; short ones = oligosaccharides), gums, arabinoxylan (like psyllium), glucomannan, beta-glucan, hemicellulose, lignins and cellulose. For our ancestors who consumed these foods, their guts likely became adapted and diversified to an enormous range of gut flora that would breakdown and make useful such an assortment of soluble and insoluble fiber/RS3.<br />
<br />
Beans and <a href="http://www.academia.edu/2110576/Role_of_lentils_in_human_health_and_nutrition_a_review">lentils</a> look a lot like below too. These are seeds of legumes. They are rich in GOS (galactooligosaccharides) which specifically feeds our omnipotent Bifidobacteria longum, as well as nearly every character in the ancestral core. GOS is like breastmilk -- immunoprotective and pushes stubborn pathogens off epithelial sites. GOS are also known as RFOs, raffinose family oligosaccharides.<br />
<br />
Oligosaccharides and inulin type fructans behave like anti-freeze, protecting Evolution's plant babies from the intermittent Ice Ages, frosty seasons and deep aridity of desert storms. They are widespread on earth -- the second most abundant plant carbohydrate in existence. Your gut flora love them! Please don't starve and torture them.<br />
<br />
Non-bean/grain OS and inulin rich foods: artichokes, asparagus, dandelion roots, chicory roots, sunchoke/Jerusalem artichokes, Dandy drink, onions, leeks, garlic, chives, cactus, etc (YES THESE ARE FODMAPS: alert).<br />
<u><br /></u>
<u>ALL</u> the gut species that make us human as discussed in the Journal Club eat inulin and oligos.<br />
<ul>
<li><i>B longum and all the bifidobacteria</i></li>
<li><i>Roseburia</i></li>
<li><i>F. prausnitizii</i></li>
<li><i>Akkermansia</i></li>
<li><i>Bacteroides</i></li>
<li><i>Clostridium</i></li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<br />
Dr. Bill Lagakos PhD writes often about GOS and B longum, one of his FAVORITE gut creatures: <a href="http://caloriesproper.com/guts-n-gos-op-142/">Calories Proper, Guts 'n GOS, Opus 142</a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDIbSNkL8iGl11tmpqaRb29_x45WIfFDJ19igU2zmsfcnD-SoGQhWrQMaGgVywf5DLyjrdGpm4ovOBRS9Vx9Ur_sza3o09HQ56b1IxdG8KlXtiPU8p7il3ppKufCoLLgl1-xeJJjvMozzC/s1600/GRAIN+FIBER+fructans-INULIN+AX+GM+RS1+RS3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDIbSNkL8iGl11tmpqaRb29_x45WIfFDJ19igU2zmsfcnD-SoGQhWrQMaGgVywf5DLyjrdGpm4ovOBRS9Vx9Ur_sza3o09HQ56b1IxdG8KlXtiPU8p7il3ppKufCoLLgl1-xeJJjvMozzC/s1600/GRAIN+FIBER+fructans-INULIN+AX+GM+RS1+RS3.jpg" height="201" width="320" /></a></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bernstein with Dr M. Roizen/OZ TEAM et al</td></tr>
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Dr. B Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15451872961651116061noreply@blogger.com44tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6780103924890350442.post-79504219632877836362014-11-06T09:55:00.000-08:002014-11-06T10:24:55.318-08:00UPDATES: Current LiveFeed with AmGut Scientists! Also The Gut Guardian Podcast: Episode 05 – WEED THY GUT<div style="text-align: center;">
----------------------------------------</div>
NOW!: Post any questions for American Gut researchers!<br />
<br />
Jamie Binn at Redefining Human has set up an AMA (ask-me-anything) for us and other curious gut explorers! Thank you so much Jamie!<br />
<br />
Go to twitter.com and please post with #redefininghuman hashtag. I've posted a few already this morning.<br />
<br />
SEARCH: https://twitter.com/search?q=%23redefininghuman<br />
<br />
Daniel is #3 at AmGut, super geeky nerdy comp sci. Enbriette is a hard core biologist.<br />
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<div>
<br /></div>
<br />
Don't forget to look at their Kickstarter and being a citizen researcher on the gut. I just signed up for some kombucha and the $250 level (will get my name on their episode).<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/redefininghuman/redefining-human-the-microbiome-documentary-series">KICKSTARTER for REDEFINING HUMAN: THE MICROBIOME DOCUMENTARY</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
----------------------------------------</div>
<br />
<br />
<b><u>The Gut Guardian Podcast: Episode 05 – WEED THY GUT</u></b><br />
<br />
Test results are in. You’ve got overgrowths of the wrong microbes. Dr. Grace and Matt examine the process of weeding out these misplaced microbes and recreating a symbiotic gut flora. Testing is the first step, and after listening to this episode you will have the tools needed to begin your weeding process.<br />
<br />
Enjoy the episode!<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><u>Show Notes</u></b><br />
<ul>
<li>RSS FEED: http://restoretheflora.com/feed/podcast</li>
<li><a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/gut-guardians-podcast/id927785026">CLICK, GO STRAIGHT TO iTUNES</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/05/bulletproof-podcast-with-dave-asprey.html">Dr. Grace’s Interview with Dave Asprey</a> (talk about gut biohacking, failing PS, weeding, 6-pack abs after weeding and probiotics) Sorry the audio from China was subpar.</li>
<li><a href="http://restoretheflora.com/your-gut-is-fubar-now-what/">Which testing you need to get</a></li>
<li>Great weeding information by Dr. Grace <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2014/10/dont-take-raw-potato-starch-rps.html">here</a> and <a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2013/11/how-to-cure-sibo-small-intestinal-bowel_16.html">here</a></li>
</ul>
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Podcast: <a class="powerpress_link_pinw" href="http://restoretheflora.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Episode-05-Weed-Thy-Gut.mp3" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank" title="Play in new window">Play in new window</a> | <a class="powerpress_link_d" download="Episode-05-Weed-Thy-Gut.mp3" href="http://restoretheflora.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Episode-05-Weed-Thy-Gut.mp3" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" title="Download">Download</a></div>
Dr. B Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15451872961651116061noreply@blogger.com42tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6780103924890350442.post-68129030229164613892014-11-02T17:04:00.003-08:002014-11-02T17:05:57.973-08:00The Gut Guardians Podcast: Episode 04 – THE ULTIMATE GUT GUARDIAN...BIFIDOBACTERIA<b><u>Episode 04 – The Ultimate Gut Guardian: Bifidobacteria</u></b><br />
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SBO’s are usually the key probiotics for those experiencing gut troubles. Matt on the other hand, wants to share how Bifido played a key role in his recovery. Grace explains why it was the missing link in his recovery. Bifido wasn’t just helpful for Matt, but as Grace explains, it is truly one our bodies biggest gut guardians. Oh and they LOVE CARBS. You’ll find out all about the wonders Bifido provides for our guts in this episode.<br />
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Enjoy!<br />
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(Sorry -- play arrow not work)<br />
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Podcast: <a class="powerpress_link_pinw" href="http://restoretheflora.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Episode-04-Bifidobacteria.mp3" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank" title="Play in new window">Play in new window</a> | <a class="powerpress_link_d" download="Episode-04-Bifidobacteria.mp3" href="http://restoretheflora.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Episode-04-Bifidobacteria.mp3" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; outline: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" title="Download">Download</a></div>
<br />
Show Notes:<br />
<ul>
<li>RSS FEED: http://restoretheflora.com/feed/podcast<br />
</li>
<li><a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/gut-guardians-podcast/id927785026">CLICK, GO STRAIGHT TO iTUNES</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://drbganimalpharm.blogspot.com/2013/11/how-to-cure-sibo-small-intestinal-bowel_16.html">Grace’s Recommended Probiotics</a></li>
<li><a href="http://restoretheflora.com/episode-02-getting-down-with-inulin/">Gut Guardian Podcast on INULIN (EPISODE 02)</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.iherb.com/Renew-Life-Ultimate-Flora-Critical-Care-50-Billion-30-Veggie-Caps/7157">Renew Life Critical Care</a></li>
</ul>
Dr. B Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15451872961651116061noreply@blogger.com21